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Factor X, also known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or as thrombokinase, is an enzyme () of the coagulation cascade. It is a serine endopeptidase (protease group S1).

Physiology

Factor X is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin K for its synthesis.

Factor X is activated into factor Xa by both factor IX (with its cofactor, factor VIII in a complex known as intrinsic Xase) and factor VII with its cofactor, tissue factor (a complex known as extrinsic Xase). It is therefore the first member of the final common pathway or thrombin pathway.

It acts by cleaving prothrombin in two places (an arg-thr and then an arg-ile bond), which yields the active thrombin. This process requires factor V as a cofactor.

Factor Xa is inactivated by protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin). The affinity of this protein for factor Xa is increased 1000-fold by the presence of protein Z, while it does not require protein Z for inactivation of factor XI. Defects in protein Z lead to increased factor Xa activity and a propensity for thrombosis.

The half life of factor X is 40-45 hours.

Genetics

The human factor X gene is located on the thirteenth chromosome (13q34).

Role in disease

Inborn deficiency of factor X is very uncommon (1:500,000), and may present with epistaxis (nosebleeds), hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints) and gastrointestinal blood loss. Apart from congenital deficiency, low factor X levels may occur occasionally in a number of disease states.

Deficiency of vitamin K or antagonism by warfarin (or similar medication) leads to the production of an inactive factor X. In warfarin therapy, this is desirable to prevent thrombosis.

Therapeutic use

Factor X is not commercially available as a concentrate, but is part of fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex.

History

American and British scientists described deficiency of factor X independently in 1953 and 1956, respectively. As with some other coagulation factors, the factor was initially named after these patients, a Mr Rufus Stuart and a Miss Audrey Prower.

External links

• Factor X deficiency

Berkley () is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 361. The village is north-east of Frome.

Church

The church, which was erected in 1751, is dedicated to St. Mary, and includes a recently restored organ. It is a grade II* listed building.

Several toombs in the graveyard are listed buildings in their own right;

School

Berkley First School is a small village school catering for 4 to 9 year olds.

Famous residents

Alexander Barclay, author of “The Ship of Fools,” was a native of this village. He died in 1552.

Other Listed Buildings

References

The pāōā (often written as paoa, as the Tahitian is not punctilious about writing accents), is a modern dance from Tahiti where the dancers sit on their knees in a circle on the ground, sing and tap with their hands on their thighs on the rhythm of the music, which is a quite repetitive scanning refrain. Selected members, one boy, one girl, actually dance inside the circle. The whole scenario has something of a rooster fight (not common on Tahiti). Coincidentally the theme of the dance is usually from the hunt or from fishing.

References

• Patrick O’Reilly; La danse à Tahiti

Higashimurayama (東村山市; -shi) is a city located in Tokyo, Japan.

As of 2003, the city had an estimated population of 143,737 and the density of 8,371.40 persons per km². The total area is 17.17 km².

On April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipality system, several villages merged to form Higashimurayama Village (Higashimurayama-mura). On April 1, 1942, it became Higashimurayama Town (Higashimurayama-machi), and on April 1, 1964, it became a city. Hachikokuyama park is in Higashimurayama.

Transportation

Rail

East Japan Railway Company

• Train Lines:
  • Musashino Line
• Train Stations
  • Shin-Akitsu Station

Seibu Railway Company

• Train Lines:
  • Seibu Haijima Line, Seibu Ikebukuro Line, Seibu Kokubunji Line, Seibu Seibu-en Line, Seibu Shinjuku Line, Seibu Tamako Line, Seibu Yamaguchi Line
• Train Stations
  • Akitsu Station, Hagiyama Station, Higashimurayama Station, Kumegawa Station, Musashi Yamato Station, Seibu-en Station, Seibu Yuenchi Station, Yasaka Station

Facts about Higashimurayama

- Higashimurayama’s sister city is Independence, Missouri.

- Higashimurayama is home to the only building in Tokyo prefecture which is found on the national treasure list of Japan. A temple by the name of “Shofukuji” which is supposed to house 1000 Jizo Buddhist deities.

External links

• Higashimurayama official website in Japanese

MEDR or Maximum Engineering Data Rate is a term primarily used by telephone companies to refer to the maximum data throughput supportable over targeted copper wire.

MEDR is actually a theoretical measure of the amount of data throughput a line can handle, but does not necessarily refer to the amount of data available to the customer at the end of said copper wiring. The data throughput that can actually be presented to the end user is measured by AIDR or As Is Data Rate.

MEDR automatically assumes that the copper wiring in question is groomed to the best available capacity and needs no further work and is an optimistic estimate of what can be achieved over the wire.

A lexical correspondence is a set of cognate
words or morphemes in two or more related languages.
In order to form such a correspondence, it is not
sufficient that the words are similar in both form
and meaning, but that regular sound correspondences
occur between the phonemes contained in the words.

Beta is an extremely winter-hardy variety of North American grape derived from a cross of the Vitis labrusca-based cultivar Concord and a selection of Vitis riparia, the wild riverbank grape, called Carver).

It is an extremely cold-hardy grape that is self-fertile. This variety is grown successfully in Finland and was widely planted in Minnesota in the early 20th century. It ripens in late September in New York State. It bears dark, blue-black fruit that is used for jellies, fruit juices, etc. but rarely for wine.

Beta was released by Louis Suelter, and named for his wife. Because of this, the proper pronunciation is actually “Bett-uh”, but the name is more commonly assumed to follow the pronunciation of the Greek letter.

Suelter released a number of other cultivars from the same cross, including the equally hardy Suelter grape.

The Caplio RX is a digital camera marketed to the public under the Ricoh brand. According to a Ricoh news release (as cited in the Digital Photography Review web page listed in the “References” section), the Caplio RX features the fastest shutter response time of any comparable camera in the world as of 4 March 2004, at 0.12 seconds.

See also

• List of Ricoh products

References

• Web page on Digital Photography Review, A

The Recovery Glacier is a glacier, at least 100 km (60 mi) long and 64 km (40 mi) wide at its mouth, flowing west along the southern side of the Shackleton Range in Antarctica. First seen from the air and examined from the ground by the CTAF in 1957, and so named because of the recovery of the expedition’s vehicles which repeatedly broke into bridged crevasses on this glacier during the early stages of the crossing of Antarctica.

See also

• List of glaciers

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARF6 has a variety of cellular functions that are frequently involved in trafficking of biological membranes and transmembrane protein cargo. ARF6 has specifically been implicated in endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins and also, to a lesser extent, plasma membrane protein recycling.

ARF6 can interact with ßarrestin upon receptor activation.

External links

Converter may refer to:

• converter (metallurgy)
• converter (music), the name of a noise music project by Scott Sturgis
• “converter”, an alternate name for a remote control
  
• fountain pen converter, a removable filling mechanism for fountain pens

Converter may also refer to:

• Bessemer converter, a metallurgical process
• catalytic converter, in automobiles
• “voltage converter”, another name for
  • electromagnetic transformer
  • switched-mode power supply
  • DC to DC converter
• low-noise block converter, in communications
• scan converter between video formats

See also

• Conversion (disambiguation)
• Adapter (disambiguation)

This article is about the colonial currency, for the actress Virginia Pound, see Adrian Booth.

The pound was the currency of Virginia until 1793. Initially, the British pound circulated along with foreign currencies, supplemented from 1755 by local paper money. Although these notes were denominated in pounds, shillings and pence, they were worth less than sterling, with 1 Virginia shilling = 9 pence.

The State of Virginia issued Continental currency denominated in £sd and Spanish dollars, with 1 dollar = 6 shillings. The continental currency was replaced by the U.S. dollar at a rate of 1000 continental dollars = 1 U.S. dollar.

Active Images is a publisher of fonts and comic books based in the United States.

Founded by Richard Starkings the company publishes fonts which are used by their commercial comic book lettering division Comicraft and comic books featuring the character Hip Flask.

External links

• Official Active Images Website

Line 10 of the Beijing Subway is an underground line which has been under construction since March 2004.

24.55 km in length, it starts off from Huoqiying in west Beijing and runs through northern Beijing, passing through Zhichunlu, the Olympic venues to the north of the city, before moving on to the eastern 3rd Ring Road and passing through the heartland of the Beijing CBD.

It will link with the projected Line 4, the Line 13, Line 5 and Line 1. It will also link with the Olympic branch line.

S9 is a line on the Berlin S-Bahn.

Bangladesh Photographic Society (BPS) was founded in 1976 by few dedicated senior and experienced photographers with a mission to organize practicing professional and amateur photographers in Bangladesh. Under the dynamic leadership of Manzoor Alam Beg, a photo maestro and most successful mentor, BPS took off with great achievements like recognition and acceptance as the country member of world body FIAP (Federation of International Art Photography). BPS has emerged as a federation having fifteen photographic organizations all over the country.

Holding of monthly, yearly, national and international photography contests & exhibitions regularly are the bright track records of the organization. BPS members have so for earned more than eleven hundred invaluable awards including first and other coveted prizes in international photographic competitions which is incomparable achievement in any other field in Bangladesh.

To mention some of the BPS activities for its members are regular Monthly Meeting in its own premises where two photo contests (B&W and Color) are held. Slide shows and inaugurating a month long solo or group exhibition in BPS Gallery are the major part of the meeting.

Every year BPS organizes National Photographic Contest and Exhibition collaboration with the Ministry of Culture of Bangladesh Government. So far BPS organized some international photographic competitions and exhibitions very successfully and many of them with FIAP approval.

BPS also runs a Basic Photography Course which is a 14 session course that includes practical outdoor & darkroom works. Workshops on various photographic topics are often arranged by BPS.

BPS recognizes experienced and advanced photographers by awarding recognition like, Honorary member, Licentiate member (LBPS), Associate member (ABPS) and Fellow member (FBPS) after systematic evolution of their qualification, achievement, contribution, experience and portfolio. In all these categories honorary recognition are also awarded to celebrated and distinguished photographers.

It has more than 3,500 members at the moment.

Source: BPS paper publications.

(October 5, 1949 -) — whose real name is also Takajin Yashiki, but written in kanji  — is a musician and television celebrity from Osaka in Kansai, Japan.

Many of his programs appear only on stations local to Kansai, such as the following.

• Analog Channel 4, Digital Channel 16[ID: 4], MBS (on the TBS network)
• Analog Channel 6, Digital Channel 15[ID: 6], ABC (on the TV Asahi network)
• Analog Channel 8, Digital Channel 17[ID: 8], Kansai TV (on the Fuji TV network)
• Analog Channel 10, Digital Channel 14[ID: 10], Yomiuri TV (on the NTV network)
• Analog Channel 19, Digital Channel 18[ID: 7], TV Osaka (on the TV Tokyo network)

He dislikes China very much, rarely appearing in Tokyo television programs, and particularly dislikes NHK, its end-of-year song contest program, , and the presenter Mino Monta.

Programs

• Takajin ONE MAN (, ending on September 18, 2007)
• Takajin Mune Ippai ()
• Takajin no Sokomade Itte Iinkai ()
• Muhaha no Takajin (Kansai TV)

Friends

• Kazuko Hosoki
• Zakoba Katsura

KKPX, San Jose, California broadcasts on analog channel 65 and digital channel 41, serving the San Francisco Bay Area.

It signed on in 1986 as KLXV-TV (roman numeral for 65) and was the local affiliate of the Trinity Broadcasting Network. It is now an owned and operated affiliate of the ION Television network, formerly known as Pax and i.

Digital Television

The station’s digital channel is multiplexed:

Past logos

External links

In classical physics, the total energy of an object is the sum of its potential energy and its kinetic energy. Note that since all other forms of energy can be derived from these two types, the total energy is effectively the theoretical maximum amount of energy that could be taken from the object.

In modern physics, the total energy of an object is the sum of its rest energy, its total kinetic energy, and its potential energy.

SLU may refer to:

• Spoken language understanding

Universities

• Saint Lawrence University, Canton, New York, United States
• Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, Florida, United States
• Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
• Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, United States
• The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet in the Swedish language), Uppsala, Sweden
• Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Republic of the Philippines

Places

• George F. L. Charles Airport (IATA code: SLU) (formerly Vigie Airport), in Castries, Saint Lucia
• Sigma Lambda Upsilon, a sorority
• Starting Lineups, a series of action figures
• Sustainable (or smart) land use

Telecoms

• Sub-Loop Unbundling, Method of sharing the access network among competing telco’s.

In Databases and Transaction processing, Two phase locking, (2PL) is a concurrency control locking protocol, mechanism, that guarantees Serializability. It is also the name of a class (set) of transaction schedules. Using locks that block processes, 2PL is subject to deadlocks that result from the mutual blocking of two transactions or more.

Two phase locking

According to the Two phase locking protocol, locks are handled by a transaction in two distinct, consecutive phases during the transaction’s execution:

Phase 1: Locks are acquired and no locks are released.

Phase 2: Locks are released and no locks are acquired.

The serializability property is guaranteed for a schedule with transactions that obey the protocol. The 2PL schedule class is defined as the class of all the schedules comprising transactions with data access orders that could be generated by the 2PL protocol.

Strict two phase locking

The Strict two phase locking (S2PL) class of schedules is the intersection of the 2PL class with the class of schedules possessing the Strictness property.

To comply with the S2PL protocol a transaction needs to comply with 2PL, and release its write (exclusive) locks only after it has ended, i.e., being either committed or aborted.

S2PL is a special case of 2PL, i.e., the S2PL class is a proper subclass of 2PL.

Strong strict two phase locking

To comply with the Strong strict two phase locking (SS2PL) protocol a transaction needs to comply with 2PL, and release both its write (exclusive) and read (shared) locks only after it has ended, i.e., being either committed or aborted.
A transaction obeying SS2PL can be viewed as having Phase 1 that lasts its entire execution duration, and no Phase 2 (or degenerate Phase 2). Thus, only one phase is actually left, and “two-phase” in the name seems to be still utilized due to the historical development of the concept from 2PL. The SS2PL property of a schedule is also called Rigorousness, and an SS2PL schedule is also called a Rigorous schedule.

SS2PL is a special case of S2PL, i.e., the SS2PL class of schedules is a proper subclass of S2PL (every SS2PL schedule is also an S2PL schedule, but S2PL schedules exist that are not SS2PL).

SS2PL is the concurrency control protocol of choice for most database systems since it provides besides serializability also Strictness, which is instrumental for efficient database recovery, and also Commitment ordering (CO) for participating in environments where a CO based Global serializability solution is employed.

See also

• Serializability
• Lock (computer science)

Incidental effect is a concept in European Union Law that links the indirect effect of EU directives to suits against individuals. While an individual cannot be sued for failure to comply with an EU directive, the state’s failure to comply can be an incidental factor in a suit against an individual.

The concept was defined by the European Court of Justice in Case C-194/94 CIA Security International SA v. Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl ([1996] ECR I-2201). CIA had attempted to market a burglar alarm in Belgium that was not compatible with Belgian technical specifications. However, the Belgian government had failed to report these specifications to the EU, as required by a directive in 1983. The court ruled that this constituted a substantial degradation of the effectiveness of the directive, which was intended to lower barriers to trade, and that the Belgian government’s breach of the directive made the Belgian law inapplicable to individuals.

This concept was especially important in the field of contracts. The Court of Justice stated that a substantial procedural defect in implementing a directive could nullify a national law in the context of a contract (Case C-443/98 Unilever Italia SpA v. Central Food SpA, [2000] ECR I-7535), and gave national courts the power to interpret such legal problems based on their own contract law (Case C-159/00 Sapod Audic v. Eco-Emballages SA, June 6, 2002).

See also: direct effect

The London Post Office Railway 1927 Stock was built by English Electric in 1927. Ninety of these four-wheeled units were built as the first stock used on the system.

Units were numbered 591-680, with trains formed of three units coupled together. However, these units were not very reliable and did not provide enough capacity for transporting mail through the capital. Therefore, they were soon replaced by fifty 1930 Stock units. These new units reused the electrical equipment from the 1927 Stock.

One unit, no. 601, has been preserved at Mount Pleasant workshops.

Generally, Security modes refer to information systems security modes of operations used in mandatory access control (MAC) systems. Often, these systems contain information at various levels of security classification. The mode of operation is determined by:

• The type of users who will be directly or indirectly accessing the system.
• The type of data, including classification levels, compartments, and categories, that are processed on the system.
• The type of levels of users, their need to know, and formal access approvals that the users will have.

Dedicated security mode

In this mode of operation, all users must have:

• Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
• Proper clearance for ALL information on the system.
• Formal access approval for ALL information on the system.
• A valid need to know for ALL information on the system.

All users can access ALL data.

System high security mode

In this mode of operation, all users must have:

• Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
• Proper clearance for ALL information on the system.
• Formal access approval for ALL information on the system.
• A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.

All users can access SOME data, based on their need to know.

Compartmented security mode

In this mode of operation, all users must have:

• Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
• Proper clearance for ALL information on the system.
• Formal access approval for SOME information they will access on the system.
• A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.

All users can access SOME data, based on their need to know and formal access approval.

Multilevel security mode

In this mode of operation, all users must have:

• Signed NDA for ALL information on the system.
• Proper clearance for SOME information on the system.
• Formal access approval for SOME information on the system.
• A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.

All users can access SOME data, based on their need to know, clearance and formal access approval.

See also

• Access control
• Multifactor authentication
• Bell-La Padula security model
• Biba model
• Clark-Wilson model
• Discretionary access control (DAC)
• Graham-Denning model
• Multilevel security (MLS)
• Mandatory access control (MAC)
• Security
• Security engineering
• Take-Grant model

References

• Krutz, Ronald L. and Vines, Russell Dean, The CISSP Prep Guide; Gold Edition, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana, 2003.

External Links

• Security Models: Guide to CISSP, Information Security Certification

Grange railway station is the terminal railway station on the Grange railway line which is located in the western Adelaide suburb of Grange. It is located 13km by railway from the Adelaide Railway Station.

The current location of Grange railway station, on the eastern side of Military Road, dates from the late 80s/early 90s. Previously the station was located on the western side of Military Road. The station was moved to allow traffic to flow along Military Road uninterupted by the arrival of trains.

Adjacent Stations

See also

• List of Adelaide railway stations
• List of closed Adelaide railway stations
• TransAdelaide
• List of suburban and commuter rail systems
• Railways in Adelaide
• Rail transport in South Australia

(cn 202) was the first British production Concorde built. It was stored at Filton airfield from the mid-80s til 2003, when it was transported by road to the Brooklands museum in Weybridge, Surrey.

History

G-BBDG first flew on 13 February 1974. Its main uses were finalising the Concorde design before the other aircraft entered passenger service and certification prior to Concorde entering passenger service.

There were some differences between this aircraft and the final production aircraft, such as a thinner fuselage skin. The aircraft was painted in British Airways livery throughout its testing period. The aircraft flew a total of 1282 hrs 9 mins. Its final flight was on 24 December 1981.

After the final flight, it was stored at Filton in a state of semi-airworthiness, where it could be returned to flight in two weeks if required. However this was never required and the aircraft was eventually bought by British Airways as part of a Concorde support buy-out.

The aircraft never entered service with British Airways, instead it was used as a major source of spare parts. A hangar was constructed on the Filton Airport to house the aircraft. Its tail was removed prior to being put in the hangar.

In 1995, another Concorde had its nose damaged in a handling accident at Heathrow airport. British Airways swapped this nose with the nose of the Concorde stored at Filton. As well as losing its nose and tail, other parts were taken, including its engines, landing gear and rear loading door.

Many times the aircraft has been considered for scrapping, but it has always been found to be useful. In 2001, it was used to test reinforced cockpit doors required for all aircraft after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

When all other Concordes were retired, the Brooklands museum inspected the aircraft and decided to accept it as a museum exhibit. The aircraft was cut up into 3 pieces and transported by road to the Brooklands museum site. The tasks of disassembling and reassembling the aircraft are being carried out by Air Salvage International (ASI). It is currently being restored.

In graphical user interfaces, a single document interface or SDI is a method of organizing graphical user interface applications into individual windows that the operating system’s window manager handles separately. A window does not have a “background” or “parent” window containing its menu or toolbar; instead, each window contains its own menu or toolbar. Applications which allow the editing of more than one document at a time, e.g. word processors, may therefore give the user the impression that more than one instance of an application is open.

Often, each window displays as an individual entry in the operating system’s task bar or manager. Some task managers summarize windows of the same application. For example, Mac OS X uses a feature called Exposé which allows the user to temporarily see all windows belonging to a particular application.

See also

• Multiple document interface
• Tabbed document interface
• Single page application
• IDE-style interface

In civil engineering, specified loads are the best estimate of the actual loads a structure is expected to carry. These loads come in many different forms, such as people, equipment, vehicles, wind, rain, snow, earthquakes, the building materials themselves, etc. In general, these loads can be divided into two major classes: live loads (loads which are not always present in the structure) and dead loads (loads which are permanent and immovable excepting redesign or renovation).

A good example of specified loads would be the following simplified floor to ceiling sandwich load table (based on the National Building Code of Canada standards):

Floor Finish (Terrazzo) per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2
Reinforced Concrete per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2
Mechanical Services = 0.35 kN/m^2
Electrical Services = 0.10 kN/m^2

Floor Area (110 mm thickness) = 8 m^2

Total Dead Load = (0.24 + 11*0.24 + 0.35 + 0.10)*8 = 26.64 kN

In order to design to these loads, one would need to convert them to design loads by applying Load factors or, more generally, a form of safety factors to them. In the case of limit states design, the resulting factored load is then called a Design load. Note that in this case of Limit states design, we would refer to the factor as a load factor rather than a safety factor in order to try and eliminate possible confusion between Limit states design and the older Allowable stress design.

A low water crossing (also known as an Irish bridge, causeway in Australia, low level crossing or low water bridge) provides a bridge when water flow is low. Under high flow conditions, water runs over the roadway and precludes vehicular traffic. This approach is cheaper than building a bridge to raise the level of the road above the highest flood stage of a river, particularly in developing countries or in semi-arid areas with rare high-volume rain.

Construction

The simplest form of low water crossing is a ford. A ford permits vehicular traffic to cross a waterway with wet wheels. The term “low water crossing” implies that the crossing is usually dry, while “ford” implies that the crossing is usually wet.

A simple low-water crossing can be constructed with culverts. Culverts (often concrete pipes) are used to carry the water in a stream keeping the crossing surface dry for most of the year. High flows, i.e. spring runoff or flash floods, flow over the top of the crossing, as the culverts are not large enough to carry these flood-type runoff events.

A more elaborate low-water bridge will usually be an engineered concrete structure. There are thousands of such structures in the western United States; some of them accommodate four-lane city streets or highways. Typically, a low-water bridge that accommodates a high daily volume of vehicular traffic will be underwater only a few days per decade.

Navigation

A low-water bridge renders the waterway non-navigable. In almost all cases this is not a practical concern, since the waterway would be non-navigable except during flood conditions anyway.

A low-water bridge is sometimes called a submersible bridge, but this is a misnomer. A true submersible bridge is used on navigable waterways and is actively lowered into the water.

Safety

The concept behind fords and low water crossings is that they are safe to use in normal conditions. The obvious corollary is that they are not safe to use in high-water conditions. Unfortunately, many lives are lost each year when people attempt to cross a ford or a low-water bridge when the water level is higher than the safe level.

External links/references

• Design of Irish bridges. fords and causeways in developing countries
• Low Flow, Mid-Level Stream and Ditch Crossings With Culverts
• Guidelines for Roading and Watercourse Crossings

The debye (symbol: D) is a non-SI and non-CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. It is defined as 10^-18 statcoulomb centimeter (or 10^-20 esu m). In SI units, 1 D equals 3.33564*10^-30 coulomb meter. It is named after the physicist Peter J.W. Debye.

The debye is still used in atomic physics and chemistry. The dipole moments of atoms and molecules are typically on the order of the “atomic unit of electric dipole moment” (Bohr radius times elementary charge), which is about 2.54 D for which the SI units are inconveniently large unless prefixes are added to both units (e.g., 2.54 D = 8.47 fC·fm).

References

• Atomic unit of electric dipole moment NIST
• CGS units R. Rowlett (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

A leading zero is any zero that leads a number string with a non-zero value. For example, James Bond’s famous identifier, 007, has two leading zeros. Often, leading zeros are found on non-electronic and LED digital displays that contain fixed sets of digits, such as the manual counter, the stopwatch, the odometer, and the digital clock. Leading zeros are also generated by many older computer programs when creating values to assign to new records, accounts and other files, and as such are likely to be used by utility billing systems, human resources information systems and government databases. Many digital cameras and other electronic media recording devices use leading zeros when creating and saving new files. They can also be used to prevent fraud by filling in character positions that might normally be empty.

Leading zeros are used to make ascending order of numbers correspond with alphabetical order: e.g. 11 comes alphabetically before 2, but after 02. See e.g. ISO 8601. This does not work with negative numbers, though, whether leading zeroes are used or not: −23 comes alphabetically after −01, −1, and −22, although it is less than all of them.

A prefix 0 is used in the C programming language to specify octal numbers (and 0x means hexadecimal).

The Epic Level Handbook is a rulebook by Wizards of the Coast containing rules for Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition characters to attain levels above 20, the limit in the core rulebooks. It provides epic-level progression information for all the core classes in the Player’s Handbook and the prestige classes listed Dungeon Master’s Guide, as well as the classes from the Psionics Handbook. It also provides epic-level prestige classes, magical items, and artifacts designed to be used by epic-level characters, and monsters that provide epic-level challenges. It also provides information on “Epic Spells”, spells that must be researched and developed, and may only be cast by one particular spellcaster.

While the book has been updated for the 3.5th edition via an update document available from the Wizards of the Coast website, there is a clamoring amongst players for a version specifically designed for 3.5, stating that the epic-level rules, particularly the epic spell rules, are unbalanced and can be easily abused.

Peirce’s criterion is a method, devised by Benjamin Peirce, that may be used to eliminate suspect experimental data using probability theory.

Description

For scientists, engineers and others involved in real data collection, the situation often arises in which one or more of the measured values appears to be outside the usual range. The temptation to ignore this data with rationalisations such as blaming faulty recording equipment ( the equipment had a power surge, there was dirt in the lens) should be resisted. Instead of arbitrarily dropping data, Peirce’s Criterion (1) may be applied.

The method is similar to the commonly used Chauvenet’s criterion; however, Peirce’s criterion is a more rigorous theoretical development based on the Gaussian distribution which can be applied to more than one suspect data value. In fact, Chauvenet refers to the prior work of Peirce, writing, in his original work: “What I have given may serve the purpose of giving the reader greater confidence in the correctness and value of Peirce’s criterion.”

The method can be applied using a table which lists R values corresponding to the number of data values. The possibility of more than one suspect experimental data value is also included. The table in reference 2 allows for up to 60 data measurements.

References

1.Benjamin Peirce, Criterion for the Rejection of Doubtful Observations, Astronomical Journal II 45 (1852) and Errata to the original paper.

2. Stephen Ross, Peirce’s Criterion for the Elimination of Suspect Experimental Data, J. Engr. Technology, Fall, 2003.
[1]

In the French animated television series Code Lyoko, one of three important places in the show is the factory, which houses the supercomputer that contains Lyoko. Codelyoko.net shows that the factory in the show is based on an old Renault automobile plant, located on the Seine River in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Both internal and external pictures of the since demolished Renault factory indicate that the factory in the series was modeled after it.

Parts of the factory

The factory contains the equipment used to house and access Lyoko. It consists of four levels: the factory floor, the lab, the scanner room, and the supercomputer room. The latter three levels are all protected by large, electromagnetically-sealed security doors. The factory is separated from the sewer system by the river; it can only be reached by the bridge or by boat.

Factory floor

The factory floor contains old equipment that has long since been abandoned by the original owner. One can assume that the various conveyor belts and other machinery were originally meant to design automobiles like the actual factory that this one is based on. The factory floor, since it is below street level and missing a staircase, can only be accessed by swinging from ropes or a ramp large enough for vehicles.

The factory floor consists of three levels. The first two are joined by a wide open space known as the cathedral hall, where the elevator is located. Near the back of the cathedral hall are the machine rooms, which are settled on top of one another. There is a control room near the upper machine room.

From the elevator, the lower levels pertaining to Lyoko can be accessed. Though it appears to be a normal freight elevator, it has been upgraded with several security features that protect the advanced equipment in the lab. The right wall of the elevator lifts up, revealing the security doors leading to the various lower levels. Hidden within the switch that operates it is a keypad, which opens the security doors when the correct code is used. It is also linked to the computer in the lab, allowing it to be controlled remotely. There is a ladder in the elevator shaft available if the elevator can’t be used. Backup keypads are located on the outside of each security door.

The turbine room, which is located below the machine rooms, can also be taken to get to the lab. It leads to a corridor that leads to an opening just below the ceiling of the lab.

Supercomputer room

This room is the last level of the factory. It is just as large as the scanner room, but a large portion of it is blocked off by a second ceiling attached to the hatch in the scanner room.

The supercomputer, which hosts both Lyoko and formerly Xana, is located in a compartment in the center of the room, which conceals much of its structure. The supercomputer was referred to in the first season as the “super calculator.” This is a direct translation of the French term “super calculateur.” After the episode “False Start”, the term “supercomputer” is used. When Xana activates or someone enters the room, part of it rises up from the compartment so it can be turned off or refueled. As it does, fog can be seen filtering away from its base, suggesting that the room it hides in is supercooled, probably for use as a heat sink.

The supercomputer itself is split into two parts. The first part is a large circular base, most of which remains hidden in the compartment. Only the parts necessary to operate rise up. The second part is a circular pillar that sits in the middle of the base. This part is roughly the same height as the base, and rises completely, unlike the base. On the front of the base is a panel marked with the Eye of Xana, which opens to reveal the power switch for the device. Near that panel is another panel that opens to reveal the power cell for the device. Uranium is used as a power source. Finally, on the side of the pillar that faces the back wall, extensive scarring can be seen. The cause of the scarring is unclear.

Scanner room

The computer itself is split into two parts. The first part is a large circular base, most of which remains hidden in the compartment. Only the parts necessary to operate rise up. The second part is a circular pillar that sits in the middle of the base. This part is roughly the same height as the base, and rises completely, unlike the base. On the front of the base is a panel marked within which opens to reveal the power switch for the device. Near that panel is another panel that opens to reveal the power cell for the device. Uranium is used as a power source. Finally, on the side of the pillar that faces the back wall, extensive scarring can be seen. The cause of the scarring is unclear.

External links

• A page about the factory in the show.
• A page about the factory that this one is based on.
• An image showing detailed plans for Kadic and the factory.

For the geological meaning of lineation see Lineation (geology)

In Western handwriting, the base line, the x-height or corpus size, the height of the ascenders and the bottom line of the descenders make up four horizontal (virtual) lines which represent the lineation of handwriting. In many teaching methods of writing at primary school, these guidelines are actually present on paper to aid the child in producing well-formed characters of the proper size. In adulthood the lineation remains, virtually, and can be used in handwriting recognition by performing an analysis of the horizontal density of minima and maxima of the writing trace. The density at the base line of handwriting will be highest, followed by the density of the corpus size. As ascenders and descenders occur only infrequent, their densities will be low, especially if a single word is considered.

See also

• graphonomics

A digital tuner is a tuning device that allows a television or radio set to receive signals via airwaves, satellite, or cable and translates them into a signal the device can display. A tuner is useful for receiving digital broadcasts over the air or via satellite and displaying it on a high definition television or standard definition television digital television set. Tuners are also used in radio receivers to tune in radio stations digitally (0.2 MHz increments for FM in the US, but less in other countries, thus most FM tuners use 0.1 MHz or 0.05 MHz increments), as opposed to analog dialing. Radio signals can also be received by digital radio tuners, which receive audio signals via satellite. A digital tuner could also refer to an ATSC tuner.Matthew Gast, “Digital TV without the Subscription”. 14 October, 2004.

See also

• ATSC tuner

References

Hockley railway station serves the village of Hockley in Essex, United Kingdom. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by ‘one’. It is situated on the line from Southend Victoria to London Liverpool Street.

See also

Hockley railway station that formerly served the community of Hockley - a suburb of Birmingham.

External link

• Rail Around Birmingham and the West Midlands: Hockley station

XBin, or eXtended Binary, is a file format for saving IBM PC text mode images.

Essentially an extension to the normal raw-image BIN (raw memory copy of text mode video memory) files, it provides an enhanced means for saving console graphics superior to ANSI graphics.

The format was created by Belgian programmer Tasmaniac of ACiD, partly in response to the demand for a solution to save images in the BIN image format, which offered no insight as to the size/width of the image. XBin stores its width information internally so that a programmer or user does not need to define this information more than once, an inherent problem with plain BIN files.

XBin also had several notable features above and beyond that of standard text images saved in ANSI format in that it took further advantage of the text mode environment by (optionally) storing alternate palette color information, supporting modified character set fonts and its own simple compression system.

See also

• SAUCE

External links

• A brief introduction to XBin
• XBin file format specification
• XBin programming tutorial
• Ansilove/PHP A set of tools for converting ANSi/BiN/ADF/iDF/TUNDRA/XBiN files into PNG images

Egon Karlheinz Bahr (born March 18 1922 in Treffurt/Thüringen) is a German former politician for the SPD.

The former journalist created the “Ostpolitik” of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, for whom he served as Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany, and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister.

In circuit analysis, the dot convention is a convention used to denote the voltage polarity of the mutual inductance of two components. Two good ways to think about this convention:

1. The current going into one dot (either dot) “tries” to come out the other dot. “Into” meaning from the dot toward the inductor, and conversely “out” meaning from the inductor toward the dot.
2. Current going into a dotted terminal of the inductor induces a positive voltage at the other dot. Conversely, current leaving a dotted terminal inductes a negative voltage at the other dot.

Voltages might be a less confusing way of looking at this concept, but might be harder to remember. As shown below, the dot convention distinguishes between two cases, where the polarities of the top node are the same, and when they are different. There are two ways to write each case, and the equivalent ways of writing them are shown.

A Markov additive process (MAP) <math>\{(X(t),J(t)) : t \geq 0 \}</math> is a bivariate Markov process whose transition probability measure is translation invariant in the additive component <math>X(t)</math>.

Çinlar uses the unique structure of the MAP to prove that, given a gamma process with a shape parameter that is a function of Brownian motion, the resulting lifetime is distributed according to the Weibull distribution.

Kharoufeh presents a compact transform expression for the failure distribution for wear processes of a component degrading according to a Markovian environment inducing state-dependent continuous linear wear by using the properties of a MAP and assuming the wear process to be temporally homogeneous and that the environmental process has a finite state space.

Parity files are tools used to assist in data recovery.

Basically a set of files are analyzed, and a group of ‘parity files’ are built, that record the structure of the files to be protected. If any of the protected files are lost, the parity files can analyze the remaining pieces, and rebuild the missing file by evaluating the structure of all the remaining pieces and the present parity files.

Even if one or more of the parity files are missing, the remainder of the set can still rebuild missing original files, if there is enough of the backup present. If too many files are missing, the parity files will not have enough base data to work with.

Parity:
A Parity is the difference within a set of binary code. the parity of 1-0 is 1, 0-0 is 0 and 0-1 is 1, therefore lost data can be rebuilt based on the parity of a set of code.

See also

• Parchive

A robotic book scanner is a machine which is used to scan books for upload to digital archives such as Project Gutenberg. The robotic scanners consist of three parts: a robot to turn the pages; a cradle, or table, to hold the book; and a camera. The camera or the imaging sensor captures an image of each page, as the robot turns the pages of the book. During the process, the book remains intact.

Robotic book scanners are used by many digital library projects, including Google Book Search.

External links

• Robotic Book Scanning at Stanford
• Home made scanner, using LEGO by MURANUSHI Takayuki
• BookDrive and BookDrive DIY using a Canon DSLR

In mathematics, a factor graph is an <math>X,F</math>-bipartite graph where <math>X=\{X_1,X_2,\dots,X_n\}</math> is a set of variables and <math>F=\{f_1,f_2,\dots,f_m\}</math> is a set of factors. A factor <math>f_j</math> is a function mapping from a subset of variables <math>X_j\subseteq X</math> to some range (such as the interval between 0 and 1). This graph represents the factorisation

<math>g(\mathbf{x}) = \prod_{j=1}^m f_j(\mathbf{x_j}),</math>

where <math>\mathbf{x}</math> is an assignment to all variables in <math>X</math> and <math>\mathbf{x_j}</math> is the assignment of
<math>\mathbf{x}</math> to all variables in <math>X_j</math>.

When using a factor graph to represent a probability distribution, each factor can be thought of as small distribution over a subset of the variables. The joint distribution is made up from the product of the individual distributions.
Factor graphs can be used to describe large distributions in which many pairs of variables are stochastically independent by explicitly listing only those groups of variables which are stochastically dependent.

Inference over a factor graph can be done using a message passing algorithm such as belief propagation. This is much more efficient than marginalization over a general distribution (which sums over every possible value of every variable, resulting in an exponential amount of summands), because the message passing approach exploits the locality properties of the factor graph.

Other probabilistic models such as Markov networks and Bayesian networks can be represented as factor graphs; the latter representation is frequently used when performing inference over such networks using belief propagation. On the other hand, Bayesian networks are more naturally suited for generative models, as they can directly represent the causalities of the model.

Forney factor graph

See also

• Belief propagation
• Bayesian inference
• Conditional probability
• Markov network
• Bayesian network

External links

• A tutorial-style dissertation by Volker Koch

In electronics, a varicap diode, varactor diode or tuning diode is a type of diode which has a variable capacitance that is a function of the voltage impressed on its terminals.

Applications

Varactors are commonly used in parametric amplifiers, parametric oscillators and voltage-controlled oscillators as part of phase-locked loops and frequency synthesisers. It is principally used as a voltage-controlled capacitor, and its rectifier function is secondary.

Operation

Varactors are operated reverse-biased so no current flows , but since the width of the depletion zone varies with the applied bias voltage, the capacitance of the diode can be made to vary. Generally, the depletion region width is proportional to the square root of the applied voltage; and capacitance is inversely proportional to the depletion region width. Thus, the capacitance is inversely proportional to the square root of applied voltage.

All diodes exhibit this phenomenon to some degree, but specially made varactor diodes exploit the effect to boost the capacitance and variability range achieved - most diode fabrication attempts to achieve the opposite.

External links

• Learning by Simulations Calculation of the characteristics of a varactor diode for various doping profiles
• [1] Trimless IF VCO: Part 1: Design Considerations from Maxim.

Further reading

• Mortenson, Kenneth E. (1974). Variable capacitance diodes: the operation and characterization of varactor, charge storage and PIN diodes for RF and microwave applications. Dedham, Mass.: Artech House.
• Penfield, Paul and Rafuse, Robert P. (1962). Varactor applications. Cambridge, M.I.T. Press.

A block error is a common type of error in certain types of digital television transmission, particularly those that use image compression. Its presence in a television image is a telltale sign that 1) the signal is broadcast digitally, as this type of error can not occur in analog transmission, and 2) that there is a significant amount of noise, as digital television is designed to tolerate a certain amount of interference. Block errors are usually detected, but not corrected, by the receiving device and are commonly displayed as empty black boxes in the television image.

Because of how television images are usually compressed, a block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames. In the worst case, a few block errors per frame could render the video from a television broadcast unviewable.

Block errors are most common in digital satellite television, where bad weather or motion of the satellite dish can cause interference outside the broadcaster’s control.

Block errors can occur at levels of interference where an analog transmission would be fuzzy but still viewable. Thus, block errors are a fine example of the consequences of trade offs in engineering. Although in ideal conditions, digital transmission far exceeds analog transmission in performance, below a certain threshold of signal to noise ratio, digital transmission becomes untenable.

The sound energy density level gives the ratio of a sound incidence as a sound energy value in comparison to a reference level of 0 dB (DIN 45630). It is a logarithmic measure of the ratio of two sound energy densities.

Definition

The sound energy density level L_E is:

<math>

L(E)=10\, \log_{10}\left(\frac{E_1}{E_0}\right){\rm dB}
</math>

where E₁ and E₀ are the energy densities. The unit of the sound energy density level is the decibel (dB).

If E₀ is the standard reference sound energy density ofDIN 1320: Acoustics, Version 1997-06, Beuth publishing

<math>

E_0 = 10^{-12} \mathrm{\frac{J}{m^3}}
</math>

References

Kraft paper is paper produced by the Kraft process from wood pulp. It is strong and relatively coarse. Kraft paper is usually a brown colour but can be bleached to produce white paper. It is used for paper grocery bags, multiwall sacks, envelopes and other packaging.

See

also

• Wood-pulp paper
• Manila paper

Annular dark-field imaging is a method of mapping samples in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). These images are formed by collecting scattered electrons with an annular dark-field detector in dedicated scanning transmission electron microscopes.

External link: CHREM: HAADF. http://www.asu.edu/clas/csss/chrem/techniques/HAADF.html. Retrieved February 23, 2006.

The Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is an international organization created by Canada, Mexico and the United States under the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC). The CEC was established to address regional environmental concerns, help prevent potential trade and environmental conflicts, and to promote the effective enforcement of environmental law. The Agreement complements the environmental provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

External links

• CEC.org

In a plasma, the Boltzmann relation connects the electron density n_e to the plasma potential φ_pl as follows:

n_e = n₀ exp(eφ_pl/k_BT_e)

The reference for the potential is taken to be a position where the electron density is n₀.

It can be derived in a particle view by equating the density of states to the physical density and applying the Boltzmann factor.

Alternatively, it can be derived from the fluid equation for the electrons by equating the force density due to the electron pressure gradient assuming isothermal electrons, <math>-k_BT_e\nabla n_e</math>, to the force density due to the electric field on the electron charge density, <math>n_ee\nabla\phi_{pl}</math>.

In many problems of plasma physics, it is not useful to calculate the electric potential on the basis of the Poisson equation because the electron and ion densities are not known a priori, and if they were, because of quasineutrality the net charge density is the small difference of two large quantities, the electron and ion charge densities. If the ion density is known and the assumptions hold sufficiently well, the electric potential can be calculated simply from the Boltzmann relation.

Discrepancies with the Boltzmann relation can occur, for example, when oscillations occur so fast that the electrons cannot find a new equilibrium (see e.g. plasma oscillations) or when the electrons are prevented from moving by a magnetic field (see e.g. lower hybrid oscillations).

Zinc telluride is the chemical compound with the formula ZnTe. This solid is an intrinsic semiconductor material with band gap of 2.23-2.25 eV. It is usually a P-type semiconductor. Its crystal structure is cubic, like that for sphalerite and diamond.

Applications

Its lattice constant is 0.61034 nm, allowing it to be grown with or on aluminium antimonide, gallium antimonide, indium arsenide, and lead selenide. It has the appearance of grey or brownish-red powder, or ruby-red crystals when refined by sublimation. Zinc telluride can be also prepared as hexagonal crystals. Irradiated by a strong optical beam burns in presence of oxygen.

Optoelectronics

Zinc telluride is important for development of various semiconductor devices, including blue LEDs, laser diodes, solar cells, and components of microwave generators.

It can be used for solar cells as a background layer and the P-type semiconductor in PIN structure (e.g. using cadmium telluride — N-type semiconductor, and cadmium sulphide — I-type semiconductor).

Zinc telluride together with lithium niobate is often used for generation of pulsed terahertz radiation in time-domain terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging. When a crystal of such material is subjected to a high-intensity light pulse of subpicosecond duration, it emits a pulse of terahertz frequency through a nonlinear optical process. Conversely, subjecting a zinc telluride crystal to terahertz radiation causes it to show optical birefringence and change the polarization of a transmitting light, making it a detector.

Electro-optics

Zinc telluride can be easily doped, and for this reason it is one of the more common semiconducting materials used in optoelectronics.

Vanadium-doped zinc telluride, “ZnTe:V,” is a non-linear optical photorefractive material of possible use in the protection of sensors at visible wavelengths. ZnTe:V optical limiters are light and compact, without complicated optics of conventional limiters. ZnTe:V can block a high-intensity jamming beam from a laser dazzler, while still passing the lower-intensity image of the observed scene. It can also be used in holographic interferometry, in reconfigurable optical interconnections, and in laser optical phase conjugation devices. It offers superior photorefractive performance at wavelengths between 600-1300 nm, in comparison with other III-V and II-VI compound semiconductors. By adding manganese as an additional dopant (ZnTe:V:Mn), its photorefractive yield can be significantly increased.

See also

• Zinc sulfide
• Zinc selenide
• Cadmium telluride
• Cadmium zinc telluride

External links

• National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap (Office of Naval research) - Accessed April 2006

Images and Words: Live in Tokyo is the first home video release from American progressive metal band Dream Theater. It contains most of the band’s performance from their August 26, 1993 show at Nakano Sun Plaza in Tokyo, Japan. Also included are the music videos for the songs “Pull Me Under”, “Take the Time”, and “Another Day”, from their 1992 album Images and Words, as well as interview footage and candid, behind-the-scenes footage.

Track listing

1. Intro
2. “Under a Glass Moon”
3. “The Making of Images and Words”
4. “Pull Me Under” (Video Clip)
5. “Take the Time” (Video Clip)
6. “Kimonos & Condoms”
7. “Wait for Sleep”
8. “Surrounded”
9. “Ytse Jam/Drum Solo”
10. “Another Day” (Video Clip)
11. “To Live Forever”
12. “A Fortune in Lies”
13. “Abbey Road”
14. “Puppies On Acid/Take the Time”
15. “On the Road ‘93″
16. “Pull Me Under”

• In 2004, Live in Tokyo was released as Disc 1 of the Images and Words: Live in Tokyo / 5 Years in a LIVEtime DVD re-release. A commentary track by the band members was included on the DVD.
• In the middle of Mike Portnoy’s drum solo, Pantera’s By Demons Be Driven is quoted.

Active Exploits is a diceless set of role-playing game rules by Precis Intermedia Gaming. The core rules (which contain no setting) are distributed for free as a pdf file, or for a fee as a printed book. There are a number of games which use the rules in particular settings, for example swashbuckling piracy and the world of Japanese girls’ comics.

The game has options for freeform and live action role-playing, as well as for converting the game to other systems. Ample conversion rules allow the adaptation of the engine to a number of commercial systems.

M