C/C++ Users Journal

C/C++ Users Journal was a computer magazine/ journal published by CMP Media LLC in the United States. The magazine concentrated on the [[C++]] programming language and was one of the last printed magazines to cover the topic.

The magazine was discontinued in 2006 with the February issue carrying a cover letter from CMP Media informing readers that no subsequent issues would be published. The publishers offered to refund remaining subscriptions or to roll them over to another magazine, Dr. Dobb’s Journal. The cover letter stated that Dr Dobb’s Journal would now “feature expanded C and C++ coverage”

Past Articles and source code archives will still be available through the Dr Dobb’s Journal website.


External link

  • Magazine website
  • Dr. Dobb’s Journal website, C++ section

Party service

This article describes the service of organising a celebration. For the multi-level marketing model, see party plan.

A party service is an industry that furnishes supplies and personnel to meet the needs of party hosts. A party sevices business is typically a local company or an agency.

Many agencies have:

  • Bouncy castles
  • Caricature artists
  • Breakdancing
  • Clowns
  • Costumed characters
  • Face painting
  • Magic
  • Party games
  • Balloon-twisting
  • Cotton candy machines
  • Popcorn machines
  • Wedding singers
  • DJs
  • Other activities that may involve children or adult guests and family members.


Decorating and design

  • Balloon displays
  • Tabletop decorations
  • Festive cake and food displays


Online Party Service Software

  • Evite.com

True RMS converter

When measuring the value of an alternating current signal it is often necessary to convert the signal into a direct current signal of equivalent value (known as the RMS, Root Mean square, value). This process can be quite complex (see Root mean square for a detailed mathematical explanation). Most low cost instrumentation and signal converters (for example handheld multimeters of the sort used by maintenance engineers) carry out this conversion by filtering the signal into an average value and applying a correction factor.

The value of the correction factor applied is only correct if the input signal is sinusoidal. The true RMS value is actually proportional to the area under the curve, and not the average value of the curve itself. For any given waveform the ratio of the average value to the area under the curve will be constant and as most measurements are carried out on what are (nominally) sine waves the correction value assumes this waveform, but any distortion or offsets will lead to errors. Although in most cases this produces adequate results, a correct conversion or the measurement of non sine wave values, requires a more complex and costly converter, known as a True RMS converter.


Thermal converters

The RMS value of an alternating current is also known as its heating value, as it is a voltage which is equivalent to the direct current value that would be required to get the same heating effect. For example, if we applied 120VAC RMS to a resistive heating element it would heat up by exactly the same amount as if we had applied 120V DC.

This principle was exploited in early thermal converters. The AC signal would be applied to a small heating element which was twinned with a thermistor which could be used in a DC measuring circuit.

The technique is not particularly precise but it will measure any waveform at any frequency. A big drawback is that it is low impedance, that is the power used to heat the thermistor comes from the circuit being measured. If the circuit being measured can support the heating current, then it is possible to make a post measurement calculation to correct the effect, as the impedance of the heating element is known. If the signal is small then a pre-amplifier is necessary, and the measuring capabilities of the instrument will be limited by this pre-amplifier.

Thermal converters have become quite rare, but as they are inherently simple and cheap they are still used by radio hams and hobbyists, who may remove the thermal element of an old unreliable instrument and incorporate it into a modern design of their own construction.


Analog electronic converters

Analog electronic circuits use analog multipliers in a specific configuration which calculates the square of the input signal and integrates it. Unlike Thermal converters they are subject to bandwidth limitations which makes them unsuitable for most RF work. Specialist techniques are required to produce sufficiently accurate integrated circuits for complex analog calculations, and very often meters equipped with such circuits offer True RMS conversion as an optional extra with a significant price increase.


Digital RMS converters

If a waveform has been digitialised then the correct RMS value may be calculated directly. Most digital and PC-based oscilloscopes include a function to give the RMS value of a waveform. Obviously the precision and the bandwidth of the conversion is entirely dependent on the analog to digital conversion. In most cases, true RMS measurements are made on repetitive waveforms, and under such conditions digital oscilloscopes (and a few sophisticated sampling multimeters) are able to achieve very high bandwidths as they sample at a fraction of the signal frequency to obtain a stroboscopic effect.

DSC

DSC is an initialism or abbreviation for:

  • Daily Source Code, a podcast by Adam Curry
  • Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw, a morning radio program in San Diego, California, United States
  • Database Systems Corp. — US telecommunications technology company
  • DCS1800 — European PCS frequencies in the 1800 MHz range
  • The Divide Social Club, a worldwide social group created by Heroes star Milo Ventimiglia and his 2 friends Dino Demillio and Russ Cundiff. Membership is for life
  • Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications — an Encryption algorthim used by DECT wireless telephone handset
  • Differential scanning calorimetry, or the differential scanning calorimeter
  • Digital Selective Calling is a component of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System
  • Digital Signal Controller, A hybrid microcontroller and digital signal processor
  • Digital still camera
  • Dirty South County - a hip hop group from Dallas, Texas
  • Distinguished Service Cross (Australia) is an Australian military award
  • Distinguished Service Cross (UK) — a British naval award.
  • Distinguished Service Cross (United States) — an American military award.
  • Dixie State College of Utah
  • D.Sc. — a Doctor of Science
  • Doctor of Surgical Chiropody is a degree superseded in 1960’s by Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
  • Document Structuring Conventions in PostScript programming
  • Dresdner Sport Club, a German football club.
  • Dye-sensitized solar cell
  • Dynamic stability control — also known as Electronic Stability Program in automotive engineering
  • Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team - DSC is the team’s UCI code

Capability Development Document

A Capability Development Document (CDD) provides operational performance attributes, including supportability, for those responsible for the acquisition of military equipment to design the proposed system. It includes key performance parameters (KPP) and other parameters that guide the development, demonstration, and testing of the current increment. It also outlines the overall strategy for developing full capability.

An example is the Capstone requirements document (CRD), a document by the United States Air Force Space Command containing capabilities-based requirements that facilitates the development of individual Capability Development Documents (CDDs) by providing a common framework and operational concept to guide their development.

CRDs that have been approved by the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) continue to be valid until absorbed into appropriate integrated architectures as required by CJCSI 3170.01C and retired. The JROC retains the authority to specifically direct the development of new CRDs, as necessary. The CRD format is contained in CJCSM 3170.01.(CJCSI 3170.01C and CJCSM 3170.01).


Sources

  • Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms. Eleventh edition. Fort Belvoir: Defense Acquisition University Press,

Regional Cooperation for Development

Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) was a multi governmental organization which was originally established in 1962 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey to allow socio-economic development of the member states. In 1979, this organization was dissolved and was replaced by Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985.


External link

  • ECO’s website.

Even the Queen

Even the Queen” is a short story by Connie Willis. A humor story involving the future of gynecological science, it won the 1993 Hugo Award for Best Short Story.

During nomination the editor of Asimov’s allegedly gave it the punning description of being “a period piece.” The story involves the future of menstruation.

Software sampler

A software sampler is a piece of software which allows a computer to emulate the functionality of a sampler.

In the same way that a sampler has much in common with a synthesizer, software samplers are in many ways similar to software synthesizers and there is great deal of overlap between the two, but whereas a software synthesizer generates sounds algorithmically from mathematically-described tones or short-term waveforms (i.e., less than 100ms in length), a software sampler always reproduces samples, often much longer than a second, as the first step of its algorithm.


See also:

  • software synthesizer
  • sampler (musical instrument)
  • Software News - Java, Operating System and Database Technology Welcome to techweb, your online resource for wireless technology and mobile tech news. We follow developments in wireless networks, Smartcard,
  • Internet Archive: Software Archive The Software Archive is designed to preserve and provide access to all kinds of rare or difficult to find, legally downloadable software titles and
  • software - SWiK After working on the porting project to make Flex Builder run on Linux, I am starting to see why closed source software on Linux is hard.
  • Digg / Software / Upcoming zenphoto.org — The simplest, most userful gallery software for your website just got better. New in 1.1: Sub-albums, tags, searching, RSS feeds,
  • Guide to Site Licensed Software Campus Information Technologies and Educational Services.
  • Software AG Software AG provides a full range of products and services to deliver a Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) IT infrastructure, based on high-performance
  • CampusTech: Discount Academic Student Software & Hardware Buy Academic Software for Students at a Discount at CampusTech! Academic software discounts, up to 80%, from the nation's fastest growing seller of software
  • Six Sigma and Quality Software Software tools for Six Sigma Quality, total quality management TQM, ISO9000 and process improvement.
  • freshmeat.net: Welcome to freshmeat.net It allows distributed resource monitoring via the Growler software .. Tip: Tired of seeing a lot of software not of the slightest interest to you?
  • Software - DonationCoder.com Here you'll find some fun software created as part of our freeware contests: Join DonationCoder.com now to guarantee access to future software,
  • Cover Pages: Software and Markup Languages Listings for software in various categories have been maintained especially for free tools, but not systematically for commercial, enterprise-level software

The Host

The Host may refer to:

In television:

  • “The Host” (The X-Files episode), an episode of the television series The X-Files
  • “The Host” (TNG episode), the 97th episode in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation
  • The Host, one of the names by which the character of Lorne is known on the television series Angel (the other being Krevlornswath of the Deathwok Clan)

In other fields:

  • The Host (film), a South Korean film directed by Bong Joon-ho
  • “The Host” (song), a song by Built to Spill from their 2001 album Ancient Melodies of the Future
  • The Host, a sci fi book by Stephenie Meyer, author of Twilight and New Moon.


See also

  • Host

Ancient document

An ancient document, in the law of evidence, refers to both a means of authentication for a piece of documentary evidence, and an exception to the hearsay rule.


Authentication

With respect to authentication, an “ancient document” is one that may be deemed authentic without a witness to attest to the circumstances of its creation because its age suggests that it is unlikely to have been falsified in anticipation of the litigation in which it is introduced.

Under the Federal Rules of Evidence (”FRE”), a document is deemed authentic if it is:

  1. at least twenty years old;
  2. in a condition that makes it free from suspicion concerning its authenticity; and
  3. found in a place where such a writing was likely to be kept.

Many states have similar rules, but may limit the application of the doctrine to specific kinds of documents such as dispositive instruments (primarily conveyances, deeds, and wills), and may require the documents to be even older.

By admitting an ancient document into evidence, it is presumed only that the document is what it purports to be, but there are no presumptions about the truth of the documents contents. A jury can still decide that the author of the document was lying or mistaken when the author wrote it.


Hearsay

Ancient documents also present an exception to the hearsay rule. FRE 803(16) applies this exception to all documents over twenty years old. Because of their age, they may be presented as evidence of the truth of any statements contained therein. Many states follow this rule as well, but again most limit it to documents that dispose of property.

Inamorata

Wikipedia does not currently have an encyclopedia article for ‘.

You may like to search Wiktionary for “[[Wiktionary:Special:Search/|]]” instead.

To begin an article here, feel free to [ edit this page], but please do not create a mere dictionary definition.

Słosinko (PKP station)

Słosinko is a PKP railway station in Słosinko (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.


Lines crossing the station

Start station End station Line type
Człuchów Słosinko Closed
Piła Ustka Passenger/Freight


Resource

  • Słosinko article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 07 March 2006

John R. Kirtley

John R. Kirtley (1949- ) is a research physicist. He received his BA in Physics from UCSB in 1971 and his PhD in Physics from the same school in 1976. His PdD topic was inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, with Paul Hansma as his thesis advisor. He was then a Research Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania from 1976-1978, working in the group of Don Langenberg on non-equilibrium superconductivity. From 1978 to the present, he has been a Research Staff Member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. While there he has worked in the fields of surface enhanced Raman scattering, light emission from tunnel junctions and electron injection devices, noise in semiconducting devices, scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning SQUID microscopy. He shared the 1998 Oliver E. Buckley prize of the American Physical Society, “For using phase-sensitive experiments in the elucidation of the orbital symmetry of the pairing function in high-Tc superconductors”, with C.C. Tsuei, D.M. Ginsberg, and D.J. van Harlingen. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences. He is married to Kathryn Barr Kirtley, who received her PhD from UCSB in quantum chemistry in 1977. They have one son, the writer David Barr Kirtley.


External links

  • John R. Kirtley - IBM Research

List of highways numbered 19

Route 19, or Highway 19, may refer to:


Canada

  • Alberta Highway 19
  • British Columbia Highway 19
  • Manitoba Highway 19
  • Nova Scotia Trunk 19
  • Highway 19 (Ontario)
  • Prince Edward Island Route 19
  • Quebec Autoroute 19
  • Saskatchewan Highway 19


Japan

  • Route 19


Mexico

  • Mexican Federal Highway 19


United States

  • Interstate 19
  • U.S. Route 19
  • California State Route 19
  • Connecticut Route 19
  • Florida State Road 19
  • Hawaii Route 19
  • Illinois Route 19
  • Louisiana Highway 19
  • Maryland Route 19
  • Massachusetts Route 19
  • M-19 (Michigan highway)
  • Minnesota State Highway 19
  • Missouri Route 19
  • New Jersey Route 19
  • New York State Route 19
  • Ohio State Route 19
  • Oklahoma State Highway 19
  • Oregon Route 19
  • Texas State Highway 19
  • Virginia State Route 19 (former)
  • Washington State Route 19
  • Wisconsin Highway 19

List of asteroids/116001–117000

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”001″| 116001–116100 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”101″| 116101–116200 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”201″| 116201–116300 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”301″| 116301–116400 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”401″| 116401–116500 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”501″| 116501–116600 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”601″| 116601–116700 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”701″| 116701–116800 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”801″| 116801–116900 [ edit]

! colspan=”5″ style=”background-color:silver;text-align:center;” id=”901″| 116901–117000 [ edit]

Borel’s paradox

Borel’s paradox (sometimes known as the Borel-Kolmogorov paradox) is a paradox of probability theory relating to conditional probability density functions. The paradox lies in fact that, contrary to intuition, conditional probability density functions are not invariant under coordinate transformations.

Suppose we have two random variables, X and Y, with joint probability density pX,Y(x,y). We can form the conditional density for Y given X,

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x) = \frac{p_{X,Y}(x,y)}{p_{X}(x)}</math>

where pX(x) is the appropriate marginal distribution.

Using the substitution rule, we can reparametrize the joint distribution with the functions U= f(X,Y), V = g(X,Y), and can then form the condition density for V given U.

<math>p_{V|U}(v|u) = \frac{p_{U,V}(u,v)}{p_{U}(u)}</math>

Given a particular condition on X and the equivalent condition on U, intuition suggests that the conditional densities pY|X(y|x) and pV|U(v|u) should also be equivalent. This is not the case in general.


A concrete example


A uniform distribution

We are given the joint probability density

<math>p_{X,Y}(x,y) =\left\{\begin{matrix} 1, & 0 < y < 1, \quad -y < x < 1 - y \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise} \end{matrix}\right. </math>

The marginal density of X is calculated to be

<math>p_X(x) =\left\{\begin{matrix} 1+x, & -1 < x \le 0 \\ 1 - x, & 0 < x < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

So the conditional density of Y given X is

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x) =\left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{1+x}, & -1 < x \le 0, \quad -x < y < 1 \\ \\ \frac{1}{1-x}, & 0 < x < 1, \quad 0 < y < 1 - x \\ \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

which is uniform with respect to y.


Reparametrization

Now, we apply the following transformation:

<math>U = \frac{X}{Y} + 1 \qquad \qquad V = Y.</math>

Using the substitution rule, we obtain

<math>p_{U,V}(u,v) =\left\{\begin{matrix} v, & 0 < v < 1, \quad 0 < u \cdot v < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise} \end{matrix}\right. </math>

The marginal distribution is calculated to be

<math>p_U(u) =\left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2}, & 0 < u \le 1 \\ \\ \frac {1}{2u^2}, & 1 < u < +\infty \\ \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

So the conditional density of V given U is

<math>p_{V|U}(v|u) =\left\{\begin{matrix} 2v, & 0 < u \le 1, \quad 0 < v < 1 \\ 2u^2v, & 1 < u < +\infty, \quad 0 < v < \frac{1}{u} \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

which is not uniform with respect to v.


The unintuitive result

Now we pick a particular condition to demonstrate Borel’s paradox. The conditional density of Y given X = 0 is

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x=0) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 1, & 0 < y < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

The equivalent condition in the u-v coordinate system is U = 1, and the conditional density of V given U = 1 is

<math>p_{V|U}(v|u=1) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 2v, & 0 < v < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

Paradoxically, V = Y and X = 0 is equivalent to U = 1, but

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x = 0) \ne p_{V|U}(v|u = 1).\;</math>


References

  • Jaynes, E. T., 2003, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, Cambridge University Press.


See also

  • Émile Borel

Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope

The electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope, or ESTM, was invented in 1988 by Kingo Itaya in Japan. With ESTM, the structures of surfaces and electrochemical reactions in solid-liquid interfaces can be observed at atomic or molecular scales.

Electrochemical reactions occur in electrolytic solutions—for example electroplating, etching, batteries, and so on. On the electrode surface, many atoms, molecules, and ions adsorb and affect the reactions. In the past, in order to obtain information about the structure of electrode surfaces and reactions, the sample electrode was taken out of the electrolytic solution and measured under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions. In this case, the structure of the surface changed and could not be observed precisely. By using this microscope, however, these problems are resolved.

In electrolytic solutions, a very complicated electrical double layer of <math>H_{2}O</math> molecules and anions is formed. In this layer, as the distribution of anions changes with the potential of the electrode, it is necessary to control the reaction on the electrode. The potentials of the working electrodes (the sample and the tip) are controlled independently against a reference electrode. In this case, the tunneling bias voltage is the difference between the two potentials. A count electrode is used in order to flow the current by the reaction on the electrode surface. By using these four electrodes, the electrochemical reaction is controlled precisely by the external voltage, and the surface in liquid can be observed.

Variational methods in general relativity

Variational methods in general relativity refers to various mathematical techniques that employ the use of variational calculus in Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The most commonly used tools are Lagrangians and Hamiltonians and are used to derive the Einstein field equations.


Lagrangian methods

Main article: Einstein-Hilbert action

The equations of motion in physical theories can often be derived from an object called the Lagrangian. In classical mechanics, this object is usually of the form, ‘kinetic energy − potential energy’. For more general theories, the Lagrangian is some functional, such that the formation of the Euler-Lagrange equations from it recovers the required equations.

David Hilbert gave an early and classic formulation of the equations in Einstein’s general relativity. This used the functional now called the Einstein-Hilbert action.


See also

  • Palatini action
  • Plebanski action
  • MacDowell-Mansouri action
  • Friedel-Starodubtsev action
  • Mathematics of general relativity

ACTED

ACTED is a non-governmental organization. It was founded in 1993 as a private, non-political non-profit, headquartered in Paris. ACTED stands for Agence d’Aide à la Coopération Technique et au Développement or Technical Cooperation and Development Aid Agency.


Goals

ACTED is a humanitarian organization which intervenes in times of crisis, either immediately (rehabilitation projects), or in the medium and long term (development projects), under the following conditions:

  • disasters linked to human factors
  • natural disasters
  • economic and social crises


Services

  • Emergency humanitarian aid
  • Food safety
  • Promotion of health issues
  • Education and job training
  • Economic development
  • Microcredit
  • Advocacy
  • Promotion of cultural issues


External links

  • ACTED.org
  • Aid Watch
  • Observatoire de l’action humanitaire

Embroidery (short story)

Embroidery is a science fiction short story by author Ray Bradbury. This story was originally published in 1951 by Stadium Publishing Corp. It is included in the collection A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories (2005).

Three eldery women sit on a porch, engrossed in their embroidering. They attempt to create beauty through the use of their hands as the world is about to be incinerated all around them.

Reusability

In computer science and software engineering, reusability is the likelihood a segment of source code can be used again to add new functionalities with slight or no modification. Reusable modules and classes reduce implementation time, increase the likelihood that prior testing and use has eliminated bugs and localizes code modifications when a change in implementation is required.

Subroutines or functions are the simplest form of reuse. A chunk of code is regularly organized using modules or namespaces into layers. Proponents claim that objects and software components offer a more advanced form of reusability, although it has been tough to objectively measure and define levels or scores of reusability.

The ability to reuse relies in an essential way on the ability to build larger things from smaller parts, and being able to identify commonalities among those parts. Reusability is often a required characteristic of platform software. Reusability brings several aspects to software development that do not need to be considered when reusability is not required.

Reusability implies some explicit management of build, packaging, distribution, installation, configuration, deployment, maintenance and upgrade issues. If these issues are not considered, software may appear to be reusable from design point of view, but will not be reused in practice.

Software reusability more specifically refers to design features of a software element (or collection of software elements) that enhance its suitability for reuse.

Many reuse design principles were developed at the WISR workshops. http://www.umcs.maine.edu/~ftp/wisr/SEN-pap/node1.html

Candidate design features for software reuse include:

  • Adaptable
  • Brief: small size
  • Flexible
  • Parameterization
  • Generic
  • Fast
  • Simple: low complexity
  • Localization of volatile (changeable) design assumptions (David Parnas)
  • Modularity
  • Stability under changing requirements
  • Extensibility
  • Consistency
  • Correctness
  • Orthogonality

Consensus has not yet been reached on this list on the relative importance of the entries nor on the issues which make each one important for a particular class of applications.

Reference

http://frakes.cs.vt.edu/renews.html

http://www.umcs.maine.edu/~ftp/wisr/SEN-pap/node1.html