Dec 31

Morteza Momayez

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Morteza Momayez (August 26, 1935 Tehran - November 25, 2005 Tehran) is known to some as the greatest Iranian Graphic Design Master.

The renowned pioneer of graphic design in Iran, Momayez received the Art & Culture Award of Excellency from the president of Iran in 2004. Momayez introduced the Iranian graphic design to the world.


Awards

  • 2004 National Award of Art achievements from the Academy of Art in Tehran.


External links

  • Official homepage
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  • Dec 31

    Early action

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    Early action is a type of early admission process for admission to colleges and universities in the United States. Unlike the regular admissions process, early action usually requires students to submit an application by November 1 of their senior year of high school instead of January 1. Students are notified of the school’s decision by mid-December instead of April 1.

    In this way, it is similar to many colleges’ early decision programs. Early decision, however, is a binding commitment to enroll; that is, if accepted under an early decision program, the applicant must withdraw all other applications and enroll at that institution. Thus, early decision does not allow applicants to apply to more than one early decision school. Early action, on the other hand, allows candidates to decline the offer if accepted, and depending on the program, it may be possible for a candidate to apply to more than one early action school and an early decision school.

    There are two types of early action programs: single-choice early action and multiple-choice early action. As their names imply, single-choice allows candidates to apply to only one early action institution and to no institutions early decision, while there are no such restrictions on multiple-choice early action. Regardless, the applicant is still permitted to reject any offer of admission in both types of early action.

    Almost all institutions offer some form of early decision or early action, with the majority offering early decision. Notably, Harvard recently switched from multiple-choice early action to single-choice early action, and soon dropped all early admissions procedures along with Princeton and the University of Virginia. Yale and Stanford recently switched from early decision to single-choice early action.


    See also

    • College admissions
    • Early decision
    • Rolling admission
    Dec 31

    Optoelectronics

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    Optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic devices that interact with light, and thus is usually considered a sub-field of photonics. In this context, light often includes invisible forms of radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and infrared. Optoelectronic devices are electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducers, or instruments that use such devices in their operation.
    Electro-optics is often erroneously used as a synonym, but is in fact a wider branch of physics that deals with all interactions between light and electric fields, whether or not they form part of an electronic device.

    Optoelectronics is based on the quantum mechanical effects of light on semiconducting materials, sometimes in the presence of electric fields.

    • Photoelectric or photovoltaic effect, used in:

      • photodiodes (including solar cells)
      • phototransistors
      • photomultipliers
      • integrated optical circuit (IOC) elements
    • Photoconductivity, used in:
      • photoresistors
      • photoconductive camera tubes
      • charge-coupled imaging devices
    • Stimulated emission, used in:
      • lasers
      • injection laser diodes
    • Lossev effect, or radiative recombination, used in:
      • light-emitting diodes or LED
    • Photoemissivity, used in
      • photoemissive camera tube

    Important applications of optoelectronics include:

    • Optocoupler
    • optical fiber communications


    See also

    • Photovoltaic effect
    • Photoemissivity
    • Stimulated emission


    External links

    • Richard Friend, Cavendish Professor, Cambridge, Research on Optoelectronics including development of new semi-conducting polymers Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
    • Northwest Photonics Association
    • OIDA (Optoelectronics Industry Development Association)
    Dec 31

    Multiplication factor

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    Multiplication factor may refer to:

    • Neutron multiplication factor, in a nuclear chain reaction
    • Multiplication factor, a term used in digital photography
    • Multiplication factor or gas gain in gas ionization detectors used in Nuclear and Particle Physics.


    See also

    • Multiplicative factor
    Dec 31

    Strategic early warning system

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    The aim of an Strategic Early Warning System (SEWS) is to assist organizations in dealing with discontinuities or strategic “surprises”. By detecting “weak signals” (Igor Ansoff, 1975), which can be perceived as important discontinuities in an organizational environment, SEWS allows organizations to react strategically ahead of time.


    Underlying theory

    The underlying assumption of SEWS is that discontinuities do not emerge without warning. These warning signs can be described as “weak signals”. The concept of “weak signals” (Ansoff, 1975) aims at early detection of those signals which could lead to strategic surprises and to an event which has the potential to jeopardise an organization’s strategy. Furthermore, the concept of a SEWS is intended to constitute an important part of a strategic management system, operating real-time in an organization, and assisting in identifying the new, which emerges as “weak signals”.

    Detecting “weak signals” is achieved by scanning the organizational environment. The concept of environmental scanning (Aguilar,1967) describes a process whereby the environment in which an organization operates is systematically scanned for relevant information. The purpose is to identify early signals of possible environmental change and to detect environmental change already underway.


    Phases

    The ideal SEWS process has three phases.

    • Phase 1 is characterised by the information gathering of “weak signals”, or trends and issues. The scanning itself relies primarily on examining various media sources, the technique of content analysis (Nasbitt, 1982).

    The scanning activity is complemented by monitoring trends and issues that have already drawn attention.

    • Phase 2 is one of diagnosis, which is characterized by three steps:

      • In-depth analysis of the trend or issue, examining the core and the various contexts of this phenomenon. The aim is to gain an impression of the possible potential development of an issue or trend.
      • The second step has several objectives.
        • The attempt should be made to think creatively about how the particular trend or issue could evolve.
        • The nature of the contexts needs to be examined in order to cluster several trends or issues, thus providing an understanding of the mutual influences on and of trends and issues.
        • It is important, due to the limited resources in any organization, to identify and select those trends and issues that are particularly relevant.
    • Phase 3 describes the formulation of an appropriate strategy to react to the trends and issues which have been identified and labelled as relevant.


    References

    • Aguilar, F. J. (1967), Scanning the Business Environment, The Macmillian Company, New York.
    • Ansoff, H. I. (1975), “Managing Strategic Surprise by Response to Weak Signals”, California Management Review, vol. XVIII no. 2, pp. 21-33.
    • Ansoff, H. I. (1980), “Strategic Issue Management”, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 1, pp. 131-148.
    • Nasbitt, J. (1982), Megatrends, Warner Books, New York.
    • Gilad, B. (2003), Early Warning: Early Warning: Using Competitive Intelligence to Anticipate Market Shifts, Control Risk, and Create Powerful Strategies”, AMACOM


    Also See

    Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals

    Dec 30

    Culver Line

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    Culver Line refers to the following transit lines:

    • Culver Line (New York City Subway), rapid transit from Downtown Brooklyn to Coney Island, combining the former IND Brooklyn Line and BMT Culver Line
    • Culver Shuttle, former remnant of the BMT Culver Line
    • Culver Line (surface), the old surface trolley line on McDonald Avenue, built by the Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad and essentially replaced by the BMT Culver Line

    Dec 30

    .sz

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    .sz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Swaziland. The Swaziland ISP Association (”SISPA”) is responsible for assigning .SZ domain names.


    External links

    • IANA .sz whois information
    • .sz domain registration website
    Dec 30

    DiscoveRx

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    DiscoveRx
    Type Private
    Founded 2000
    Location Fremont, California
    Key people Pyare Khanna, Ph.D. (President and CEO)
    Richard Eglen, Ph.D. (CSO)
    Industry manufacturing
    Products biochemical and cell-based assays
    Revenue not available
    Website http://www.discoverx.com/

    DiscoverRx develops, commercializes and manufactures reagents and assay kits for the drug discovery market. Their focus is on lucrative protein target classes, such as G-protein-coupled receptors and kinases.

    The company is built around a proprietary technology called enzyme fragment complementation or EFC which forms the basis of the assays that they design and market. In EFC, two β-galactosidase fragments are employed which are themselves inactive. One fragment (EA) has an inactivating deletion while the second fragment (ED) has a complementing fragment; in solution where both EA and ED are present, the fragments combine and active β-gal tetramers form spontaneously.

    Dec 30

    Ofoto

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    Ofoto, an online photography service, was started in June 1999, in Berkeley, California. The company was founded by Lisa Gansky and Kamran Mohsenin. Gansky had previously been CEO of 1990s internet pioneer GNN, while Mohsenin had previously run Tunes Network, Inc., parent of the Tunes.com music discovery Website.

    The Ofoto website launched to the public on December 13, 1999, the same day as competing service Shutterfly. While Shutterfly was funded in part by Silicon Valley businessman James Clark, Ofoto was funded in part by Jim Barksdale, Clark’s former partner and co-worker from Netscape. This led to the brief “Clark vs. Bark” photo wars.

    Ofoto started by simply allowing users to upload JPEG images to the online service, to share online photo albums with friends, and to purchase physical silver-halide prints of photos.

    In 2000, Ofoto added a 35mm online film processing service and an online frame store. In following years, Ofoto added 4-color offset printed invitations and cards, and services for mobile phones.

    In May of 2001, Ofoto was purchased by Eastman Kodak. Ofoto, Inc. as a company became Kodak Imaging Network, Inc.

    In 2005, the Ofoto web service was rebranded as the Kodak EasyShare Gallery.

    Separately, Ofoto was a software program developed by Light Source Computer Images, Inc. for scanning images, adjusting images, and preparing images for the printing process. An Apple Macintosh version was first available in 1991, bundled with Apple’s OneScanner. It was eventually discontinued on August 1, 1996.


    External links

    • Kodak Gallery
    Dec 29

    Compound document

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    In computing, a compound document is a document type typically produced using word processing software, and is a regular text document intermingled with e.g. spreadsheets, pictures, digital videos, digital audio, and other multimedia features. It can also be used to collect several documents into one.

    Compound document technologies are commonly utilized on top of a software componentry framework, but the idea of software componentry includes several other concepts apart from compound documents, and software components alone do not enable compound documents. Well-known technologies for compound documents include:

    • Object linking and embedding (OLE) by Microsoft
    • Bonobo by Ximian (primarily used by GNOME)
    • KParts in KDE
    • Open Document Architecture from ITU-T (not used)
    • OpenDoc by Apple Computer (now defunct)
    • Verdantium
    • XML and XSL are encapsulation formats used for compound documents of all kinds

    While the origins of the compound document are uncertain, the first public implementation was on the Xerox Star workstation, released in 1981. [1]


    See also

    • Transclusion
    Dec 29

    Sem

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    Sem may refer to:

    • Sem or Shem; (Hebrew) One of the sons of Noah in the Bible.
    • Sem, France
    • Sem, Norway
    • Scanning Electron Microscope
    • Social Enterprise Management
    • Structural Equation Modeling
    • Search Engine Marketing
    • Standard Error of the Mean
    • The Stock Exchange of Mauritius
    • Security Event Manager
    • Science and Engineering Magnet - A magnet school in Dallas, Texas.

    Dec 29

    Chandler Beach

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    Chandler Belden Beach (1839 – 1928) was an American entrepreneur and encyclopedist. He also served as a captain in the American Civil War. As a sales agent in Chicago for the Encyclopædia Britannica, he soon realized there was a market demand for a more light-weight encyclopedia. He was the editor and publisher of Youth’s Cyclopedia (2 volumes, 1892) and the Student’s Cyclopaedia (2 volumes, 1893). In the following editions (1901, 1909, and annually from 1911) the latter turned into The New Student’s Reference Work. His companion since 1894 Frank Elbert Compton became the general manager in 1905 and took over the publishing firm when Beach retired in 1907. The name changed to F. E. Compton & Co., which in the 1920s went on to produce the larger Compton’s Encyclopedia.


    External links

    • The New Student’s Reference Work, 5 volumes, 1914, digitized at Wikisource

    The New Student’s Reference Work, 1914

    “Automobile”, from the same

    This page digitized at Wikisource

    Dec 29

    Endocranial cast

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    An endocast or endocranial cast is a cast made of the mold formed by the impression the brain makes on the inside of the neurocranium (braincase), providing a replica of the brain with most of the details of its outer surface. Endocasts can also form naturally, when sediments fill the empty skull, after which the skull is destroyed and the cast fossilized. Scientists are increasingly utilizing computerized tomography scanning technology to create digital endocasts without damaging valuable specimens. This gives a 3D representation of the brain. Brain size and complexity can then be determined

    Endocasts were used for looking at the brains of homo sapiens to find hemispheric specialization.

    Dec 29

    TclX

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    TclX extends the Tcl programming language by providing new operating system interface commands, extended file control, scanning and status commands and many others. Much of TclX has been incorporated into Tcl.

    TclX was developed by Karl Lehenbauer and Mark Diekhans.


    External links

    • http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclx
    Dec 29

    Microanalysis

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    Microanalysis is the chemical identification and quantitative analysis of very small amounts of matter.


    See also

    Electron Microscopy
    Secondary ion mass spectrometry
    Scanning probe microscopy
    Auger Electron Spectroscopy
    X-ray spectroscopy


    External links

    • Oxford Instruments - Market leaders in EDS/EDX Systems
    • Mektech - Makers of URSA Next generation EDX Systems
    Dec 29

    File menu

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    The File menu is a computer menu common to most file-handling computer programs with a GUI (Graphical User Interface). It often appears as the first item in the menu bar, and contains commands relating to the handling of files, such as open, save, print, etc. It may also contain a list of recently edited files.

    In some operating systems, the file menu also offers commands for closing windows and exiting the current program.

    Dec 29

    Path length

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    In chemistry, the path length is defined as the distance that light (UV/VIS) travels through a sample in an analytical cell. Typically, a sample cell is made of quartz, glass, or a plastic rhombic cuvette with a volume typically ranging from 0.1 mL to 10 mL or larger used in a spectrophotometer. For the purposes of spectrophotometry (i.e. when making calculations using the Beer-Lambert law) the path length is measured in centimeters (rather than in meters).

    In a computer network, the path length is one of many possible router metrics used by a router to help determine the best route among multiple routes to a destination. It consists of the end-to-end hop count from a source to a destination over the network.

    In physics, the path length is defined as the total distance an object travels. Unlike displacement, which is the total distance an object travels from a starting point, path length is the total distance travelled, regardless of where it travelled.

    Dec 29

    List of Catalan language television channels

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    Catalan language television channels include the following:


    National channels

    Name Owner Programming Signal Coverage Launched Web
    TV3 TVC General Digital and analog Catalan Countries 1983 http://www.tv3.cat/
    33 TVC Cultural Digital and analog Catalan Countries 1988
    K3 TVC Children and educative Digital Catalan Countries 2001 http://www.k3tv.cat/
    3/24 TVC News and politics Digital and analog Catalan Countries 2003 http://www.324.cat/
    Canal 9 TVV General Digital and analog Valencian Community 1989 http://www.canal9.es/
    Punt 2 TVV Cultural Digital and analog Valencian Community 2005 http://www.punt2.es/
    IB3 TVIB General Digital and Analog Balearic Islands and Catalonia 2005 http://www.ib3.tv/
    8 TV EDC General Digital and analog Catalonia 2001 http://www.8tv.cat/
    Vida Televisió EDC Cultural and documentaries Digital Catalonia Coming Soon
    Parc Televisió EDC Children and educative Digital Catalonia Coming Soon
    Flaix TV Grup Flaix and EDC Music Digital Catalonia Coming Soon http://www.flaixtv.cat/
    300 TVC Series and movies Digital Catalan Countries 2005 http://www.300.cat/
    Esports/24 TVC Sports Digital Catalonia 2007
    Ciutadans TVC Interactive Digital Catalonia 2007


    Local channels


    Alghero

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Catalan TV Local Analog Alghero http://www.catalantv.it/


    Alt Camp, Conca de Barberà and Tarragonès

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Tarragona Local Analog Alt Camp, Conca de Barberà and Tarragonès http://www.cctarragona.com/
    CAT 4 TV Local Digital Alt Camp, Conca de Barberà and Tarragonès
    Teletaxi TV Tarragona Local Analog Alt Camp, Conca de Barberà and Tarragonès http://www.teletaxitv.cat/


    Alt Empordà

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Nord Local Analog Alt Empordà and Baix Empordà http://www.canalnord.tv/
    Empordà TV Local Analog Alt Empordà


    Alt Pirineu

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Pirineus TV Local Analog Alt Pirineu http://www.pirineustelevisio.com/
    Lleida TV Digital Local Digital Terres de Ponent and Alt Pirineu
    Televisió de Puigcerdà Local Digital Alt Pirineu


    Andorra

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Andorra Televisió Local Digital and analog Andorra http://www.atv.ad/
    Televisió de Sant Julià Local Cable television Sant Julià de Lòria
    Canal Català Andorra Local Cable television Sant Julià de Lòria


    Baix Camp and Priorat

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Reus Local Analog Baix Camp and Priorat
    Canal Reus TV Local Analog Baix Camp and Priorat http://www.canalreustv.com/


    Baix Empordà

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Costa Brava Local Analog Baix Empordà http://www.tvcostabrava.com/
    Canal Nord Local Analog Baix Empordà http://www.canalnord.tv/
    Epi TV Local Digital Baix Empordà


    Baix Llobregat

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Llobregat Local Analog Baix Llobregat http://www.etv.cat/
    Teletaxi TV Cornellà Local Analog Baix Llobregat http://www.teletaxitv.cat/


    Bages, Berguedà and Solsonès

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Central Local Analog Bages http://www.latele.cc/
    Televisió de Manresa Local Analog Bages http://www.xtvl.cat/tvmanresa/
    Canal Taronja Catalunya Central Local Analog Bages
    Solsonès TV Local Cable television Solsona http://www.solsonestv.com/


    Barcelonès

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Barcelona TV Local Digital and analog Barcelonès http://www.barcelonatv.cat/
    Televisió de Badalona Local Analog Barcelonès http://www.tvbadalona.cat/
    Televisió de l’Hospitalet Local Analog Barcelonès http://www.tvhospitalet.cat/
    Canal Català Barcelona Local Analog Barcelonès
    25 TV Local Analog Barcelonès http://www.c25tv.com/
    Urbe TV Local Analog Barcelonès http://www.urbetv.cat/
    Localia TV Local Analog Barcelonès http://www.localiacatalunya.com/


    Garrotxa and Ripollès

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Televisió del Ripollès Local Analog Garrotxa and Ripollès http://www.televisiodelripolles.com/


    Gironès and Pla de l’Estany

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Televisió de Girona Local Analog Gironès and Pla de l’Estany http://www.tvgirona.cat/
    Canal Català Girona Pla Local Analog Gironès and Pla de l’Estany http://www.canalcatala.com/gironapla.htm


    Horta, Safor and Vall d’Albaida

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Info TV Local Analog Horta, Safor and Vall d’Albaida http://www.infotelevisio.com/


    Mallorca

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal 4Tv Local Analog Mallorca http://www.canal-4.tv/


    Segrià

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Lleida Local Digital Segrià
    Lleida TV Local Digital Segrià


    Selva

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català la Selva Local Analog Selva http://www.cclaselva.com/


    Terres de l’Ebre

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Ebre TV Local Analog Terres de l’Ebre http://www.ebre.tv/
    Canal Català Ebre Local Analog Terres de l’Ebre http://www.ccebre.com/
    Canal Terres de l’Ebre Local Analog Terres de l’Ebre http://www.canalte.cat/


    Terres de Ponent

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Lleida TV Digital Local Digital Terres de Ponent


    Vallès Occidental

    Name Programming Signal Coverage Web
    Canal Català Vallès Local Analog Vallès Occidental http://www.c50.tv/
    Teletaxi TV Sabadell Local Analog Vallès Occidental http://www.teletaxitv.cat/


    Satellite channels

    Name Programming Satellite Coverage Encryption Web
    TVCi General Astra 1KR and Hispasat 1C Europe and America Clear http://www.tvci.cat/
    TVVi General Astra 1KR and Hispasat 1D Europe Clear http://www.tvvi.es/
    Canal Català General Hispasat 1C Europe Clear http://www.canalcatala.cat/
    K3 Children Hispasat 1D Europe PowerVu http://www.k3tv.cat/
    IB3 General Hispasat 1D Europe PowerVu http://www.ib3.cat/
    XTVL General Hispasat 1C Europe RAS http://www.xtvl.cat/
    Barça TV Sports Astra 1KR and Hispasat 1C Europe Nagravision 2 http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/
    Cartoon Network Children Astra 1KR and Hispasat 1D Europe Nagravision 2 http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/


    ADSL and cable channels

    Name Programming Platform Coverage Web
    TVCi General ONO, Imagenio, Orange TV, Euskaltel, Freebox, DigiTV, Kabel BW, Evrotur, Sofiacable and Cable Mágico Europe and America http://www.tvci.cat/
    TVVi General ONO, Imagenio, Orange TV, Euskaltel, Naxoo and Kabel BW Europe http://www.tvvi.es/

    See also: Lists of television channels, Television

    Dec 29

    Bitmap textures

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    Bitmap textures are digital images representing a surface, a material, a pattern or even a picture, generated by an artist or designer using a bitmap editor software such as Adobe Photoshop or Gimp or simply by scanning an image and, if necessary, retouching it on a personal computer.

    Textures can be built as a large image, larger than the final destination (such a page, for example) so as to fill the complete area without repeating the image (thus avoiding visible seams). Also bitmap textures can be created to be used as repetitive patterns to fill an infinite area. The borders of these patterns or small textures should be treated to give a seamless appearance when applied to an image, unless, of course, the seam is something to be shown.

    When designed for print, textures should be created in high-resolution in order to achieve good results in the final print.

    On the other side, if these textures are meant to be used in multimedia, 3d animation or web design, they should be created in a maximum resolution that equals the one of the final display (Tv, computer monitor, movie projector, etc.).

    If creating a texture with a computer is not an option, then textures can be obtained by purchasing stock images collections, which are expensive but often of a professional quality.

    This article was taken from The Photoshop Roadmap with written permission.


    See also

    • Procedural textures


    External links

    • Photoshop textures and backgrounds tutorials
    • Photoshop CS Tutorial listings, textures, layouts, and more..

    Dec 29

    London Rail

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    London Rail is an arm of Transport for London (TfL), involved in the provision of passenger service on the National Rail “heavy” rail network within London, England.

    Despite its name, London Rail is not responsible for those “light” rail systems which are directly controlled by TfL (London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink), which do not form part of the National Rail network.

    Mayor Ken Livingstone hopes in the future to gain control of all rail services in London and make them part of the London Overground.


    Influence

    Currently TfL has no direct management responsibility for services on the National Rail network within London, even though these carry large numbers of commuters into London and also provide m