The Caplio RX is a digital camera marketed to the public under the Ricoh brand. According to a Ricoh news release (as cited in the Digital Photography Review web page listed in the “References” section), the Caplio RX features the fastest shutter response time of any comparable camera in the world as of 4 March 2004, at 0.12 seconds.
Digital zoom is a method of decreasing (narrowing) the apparent angle of view of a digital photographic or video image. Digital zoom is accomplished by cropping an image down to a centered area with the same aspect ratio as the original, and usually also interpolating the result back up to the pixel dimensions of the original. It is accomplished electronically, without any adjustment of the camera’s optics, and no optical resolution is gained in the process.
Because interpolation disturbs the original pixel layout of the image, as captured by the camera’s image sensor, it is usually considered detrimental to image quality. The results of digital zoom are, however, sometimes superior to the results of manual cropping and resizing (interpolation) in post-production. This is because the camera may apply its interpolation before performing lossy image compression, thereby preserving small details that would otherwise be lost. For cameras that save images in a raw format, however, resizing in post-production will yield results equal or superior to digital zoom.
Some digital cameras rely entirely on digital zoom, lacking a real zoom lens, as on most camera phones. Other cameras do have a real zoom lens, but apply digital zoom automatically once its longest focal length has been reached. Professional cameras generally do not feature digital zoom.
Mount Owen can refer to:
A tone hole is an opening in the body of a wind instrument which, when covered, alters the pitch of the sound produced.
The resonant frequencies of the an air column in a pipe are inversely proportional to the pipe’s effective length. For a pipe with no tone holes, the effective length is the physical length plus corrections for end effects. A shorter pipe, in other words, produces higher notes. An open hole in the side of the pipe shortens the pipe’s effective length and therefore raises the pitch of the notes it produces. Generally a large hole in a given position reduces the effective length to something slightly larger than the effective length of a pipe cut off at that position; a smaller hole produces a longer effective length. Covering the hole with a finger, or with a pad operated by a key, increases the effective length and lowers the pitch again. However, a pipe with a closed tone hole is not acoustically identical to a pipe with no hole; the closed hole modifies the pipe’s shape and its effective length.
When there are multiple tone holes, the first (highest) open tone hole usually has the largest influence on the pipe’s effective length. However, closing holes below the first open hole can lower the pitch significantly; such cross fingerings may often be useful. Generally the pitch and timbre of the notes produced will depend on the positions, sizes, heights, and shapes of all the tone holes, both open and closed. Theoretical models allow these effects to be calculated with some accuracy, but the design of tone holes remains to some degree a matter of trial and error.
Most woodwind instruments rely on tone holes to produce different notes; two exceptions are the slide whistle and the willow flute. Most brass instruments use valves or a slide instead of tone holes, with the rare keyed bugle and the ophicleide as exceptions.
Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques.
The science of computational cybernetics is especially concerned with the comparative study of automatic control systems. Furthermore, computational cybernetics covers not only mechanical, but biological (living), social and economical systems and for this uses computational intelligence based results of communication theory, signal processing, information technology, control theory, the theory of adaptive systems and the theory of complex systems (game theory, operational research).
In an essay, article, or book, an introduction is a beginning section which states the purpose and goals of the following writing. This is generally followed by the body and conclusion, and may be preceded by an abstract.
The introduction describes the scope of the document. It gives the brief explanation or summary of the document. It may also explain certain elements that are important to the essay if explanations are not part of the main text. The readers can have an idea about the following text before they actually start reading it.
Keeping the concept of the introduction the same, different documents have different styles to introduce the written text. For example, when you introduce a Functional Specification, the introduction consists of information that the whole document is yet to explain. If a Userguide is written, the introduction is about the product. If you go for a report, the introduction will tell you a summary about the report contents.
User in a computing context refers to one who uses a computer system. Users may need to identify themselves for the purposes of accounting, security, logging and resource management. In order to identify oneself, a user has an account (a user account) and a username (also called a screen name, handle, nickname, or nick on some systems), and in most cases also a password (see below). Users employ the user interface to access systems, and the process of identification is often referred to as authentication.
Users are also widely characterized as the class of people that uses a system without complete technical expertise required to fully understand the system. In most hacker-related contexts, they are also called real users. See also End-user (computer science).
A computer user is similar to the user in telecommunications, but with slight semantic differences. The difference is comparable to the difference between end-users and consumers in economics.
For instance, one can be a user of (and have an account on) a computer system, a computer network or have an e-mail account.
A user account allows one to authenticate to system services. It also generally provides one with the opportunity to be authorized to access them. However, authentication does not automatically imply authorization.
Once the user has logged on, the operating system will often use an identifier such as an integer to refer to them, rather than their username. On Unix systems this is called the user identifier or user id.
Computer systems are divided into two groups based on what kind of users they have:
A Project initiation document is a logical document whose purpose is to bring together the key information needed to start the project on a sound basis; and to convey that information to all concerned with the project. In short, this is the, “who, why, what, when and how”, part of the project. It defines all major aspects of a project and forms the basis for its management and the assessment of overall success.
A common part of formal project methodologies such as Prince2Prince 2: A Practical Handbook By Colin Bentley the document is a major milestone in the Starting Up (SU) a project process. It is the document that goes before the Project Board for sign- off to commence a project.
Often shortened to the acronym PID, the Project Initiation Document provides a reference point throughout the project for both the customer and the Project Team.
A Project Initiation Document often contains the followingWriting a Project Initiation Document
A superluminescent diode (SLD) is an edge-emitting semiconductor light source based on superluminescence. It combines the high power and brightness of laser diodes with the low coherence of ELED. Its emission band is 20-100 nm. The SLD was invented in 1986 by Gerard A. Alphonse.
River Line refers to several railroad lines:
A robotic book scanner is a machine which is used to scan books for upload to digital archives such as Project Gutenberg. The robotic scanners consist of three parts: a robot to turn the pages; a cradle, or table, to hold the book; and a camera. The camera or the imaging sensor captures an image of each page, as the robot turns the pages of the book. During the process, the book remains intact.
Robotic book scanners are used by many digital library projects, including Google Book Search.
Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a medical emergency.
The retina is a thin disc-shaped layer of light-sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. It translates what we see into neural impulses and sends them to the brain via the optic nerve. Occasionally, injury or trauma to the eye or head may cause a small tear in the retina, which allows fluid to seep through, and peel it away like a bubble in wallpaper.
The risk of retinal detachment in otherwise normal eyes is around 5 in 100,000 per year. Detachment is more frequent in the middle-aged or elderly population with rates of around 20 in 100,000 per year. The lifetime risk in normal eyes is about 1 in 300.
Although retinal detachment usually occurs in one eye, there is a 15% chance of developing it in the other eye, and this risk increases to 25-30% in patients who had cataracts extracted from both eyes.
A retinal detachment is commonly preceded by a posterior vitreous detachment which gives rise to these symptoms:
Although most posterior vitreous detachments do not progress to retinal detachments, those that do produce the following symptoms:
There are several methods of treating a detached retina which all depend on finding and closing the holes (tears) which have formed in the retina.
After treatment, patients gradually regain their vision over a period of a few weeks, although the visual acuity may not be as good as it was prior to the detachment, particularly if the macula was involved in the area of the detachment. However, if left untreated, total blindness could occur in a matter of days.
Retinal detachment can be prevented in some. The most effective way of preventing retinal detachment is by educating people to seek ophthalmic medical attention if they suffer symptoms suggestive of a posterior vitreous detachment. Early examination allows detection of retinal tears which can be treated with laser or cryotherapy. This reduces the risk of retinal detachment in those who have tears from around 1:3 to 1:20.
There are some known risk factors for retinal detachment. There are also many activities which at one time or another have been forbidden to those at risk of retinal detachment, with varying degrees of evidence supporting the restrictions.
Cataract surgery is a major cause, and can result in detachment even a long time after the operation. The risk is increased if there are complications during cataract surgery, but remains even in apparently uncomplicated surgery. The increasing rates of cataract surgery, and decreasing age at cataract surgery, inevitably lead to an increased incidence of retinal detachment.
Trauma is a less frequent cause. Activities which can cause direct trauma to the eye (boxing, kickboxing, karate, etc.) may cause a particular type of retinal tear called a retinal dialysis. This type of tear can be detected and treated before it develops into a retinal detachment. For this reason governing bodies in some of these sports require regular ophthalmic examination.
Individuals prone to retinal detachment due to a high level of myopia are encouraged to avoid activities where there is a risk of shock to the head or eyes, although without direct trauma to the eye the evidence base for this may be unconvincing. Some doctors recommend avoiding activities that
increase pressure in the eye, including diving, skydiving, again with little supporting evidence. According to one medical website, retinal detachment does not happen as a result of straining your eyes, bending or, heavy lifting. Therefore, heavy weightlifting would appear to be fine. However, two recent scientific articles have noted cases of retinal detachment or maculopathy due to weightlifting (specifically with the Valsalva method), and a third documented an increase in blood pressure in the eye during weightlifting .
Activities that involve sudden acceleration or deceleration also increase eye pressure and are discouraged by some doctors. These include bungee jumping and may also include rollercoaster rides.
MMR may stand for:
Level 2 may refer to:
A zero cross circuit is an electrical circuit that starts operation with the AC load voltage at close to zero-phase. This is in relation to solid state relays, such as triacs and silicon controlled rectifiers. The purpose of the circuit is to start the controlled triac conducting as soon as possible, so that the input and output voltages and waveforms are as close as possible. This is useful when the triac is used to control outlets, motors, ballasted lights, or other loads where voltage drops or waveform clipping could cause ill effects.
The point where the line voltage is 0 V is the Zero Cross Point. When a triac is connected in its simplest form, it can clip the beginning of the voltage curve, due to the minimum gate voltage of the triac. A zero cross circuit works to correct this problem, so that the triac functions as well as possible. This is typically done with thyristors in two of the three phases.
Many opto-triacs come with zero cross circuits built in. They are often used to control larger, power triacs. In this setup triac turn-on delays will compound, so quick turn on times are important.
The corresponding phase angle circuits are more sophisticated and more expensive than zero cross circuits.
The New York State Identification and Intelligence System Phonetic Code, commonly known as NYSIIS, is a phonetic algorithm devised in 1970 as part of the New York State Identification and Intelligence System (now a part of the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services). It features an accuracy increase of 2.7% over the traditional Soundex algorithm.
The algorithm, as described in Name Search Techniques, New
York State Identification and Intelligence System Special Report No. 1, by Robert L. Taft, is:
Just Save Foods is a small supermarket chain in North Carolina, U.S.A.
The Just Save Foods store in Kannapolis was fined $2,000 for price-scanning errors in 2003.Salisbury Post, Friday, Octber 27, 2006 – “Salisbury Wal-Mart fined for price-scanning errors”
The company is or was controlled by Lowes Foods, also known as Lowe’s Food Stores, Inc., a unit of Alex Lee.
Santella and Associates, quoting Progressive Grocer’s 50 largest supermarket chains for the year 2002
Castle Yankee was the code name given to one of the tests in the Operation Castle series of American nuclear tests.
Yankee was originally intended to be a test of a simplified and lightened bomb version (the TX-16, or “emergency capability” EC-16) of the large and complex cryogenic device (the first successful multi-stage fusion device) tested in Ivy Mike. A small number of EC-16’s were produced on an emergency basis to provide a stop-gap thermonuclear weapon capability in response to the Russian nuclear weapons program.
The test device, code-named “Jughead”, had been prepared as a backup in case the non-cryogenic “Shrimp” fusion device (first tested in Castle Bravo) failed to work. The test of “Jughead” was cancelled when the Bravo device was successful, and the few EC-16’s which were actually built were withdrawn and dismantled.
Jughead was replaced in the Yankee test by the so-called “Runt II” device (the TX-24 bomb, initially the “emergency capability” EC-24), a modified form of the “Runt” device (the TX-17/EC-17) tested in Castle Romeo. Externally identical, the principal difference between them was in the fuel for the fusion stage. While Runt used natural lithium (with 7.5% of the Lithium-6 isotope), Runt II used the same partially enriched lithium (approximately 40% Lithium-6) as the “Shrimp” device tested in Bravo.
It was detonated on May 5, 1954, at Bikini Atoll of the Marshall Islands, on a barge moored in the middle of the crater from the Castle Union test.
Although it has been predicted to produce a yield of 6 to 10 megatons, it actually produced a yield of 13.5 megatons, the second-largest ever yield in a U.S. fusion weapon test. Like the Ivy Mike, Bravo and Romeo tests, a large percentage of the yield was produced by fast fission of the natural uranium “tamper”; 7 megatons of the yield were from this source. The other 6.5 megatons were from fusion reactions; this increase was due to the different fusion fuel. This fusion yield was the largest to date, and set a record that stood for several years.
The term landscape mode has the following meanings:
Note: If the page contains an image, such as a picture, and the page is viewed in the normal manner, the long dimension of the page would be parallel to the line that joins the eyes of the viewer.
The Jeolla Line is a railway line serving North and South Jeolla Provinces in South Korea. The line is served by frequent passenger trains from Seoul (via the Gyeongbu and Honam Lines) to Yeosu. Major stations and junctions on the line include:
Competitive Engineering A Handbook for Systems Engineering, Requirements Engineering and Software Engineering using Planguage documents Tom Gilb’s unique, ground-breaking approach to communicating management objectives and systems’ engineering requirements clearly and unambiguously.
Published in 2005 by Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Gilb, Tom (2005). Competitive Engineering. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-6507-6.
The modulation order of a digital communication scheme is determined by the number of the different symbols that can be transmitted using it.
Modulation order can only be defined for digital modulations. The simplest forms of digital modulation are of second order because they can transmit only two symbols (usually denoted as “0″ and “1″ or as “-1″ and “1″). They are called binary shift keying (BSK).
Modulations which have an order of 4 and above usually are termed as higher-order modulations. Examples of these are quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and its generalisation as m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM).
Because existing computers and automation systems are based on binary logic most of the modulations have an order which is a power of two: 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. In principle, however, the order of a modulation can be any integer greater than one.
When the order of a digital modulation approaches infinity its properties approach those of the respective analog modulation. Thus the analogue modulations can be viewed as extreme cases of higher-order digital modulations for which the order is equal to infinity.
High View is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County, West Virginia, USA. It is located south of Capon Bridge along West Virginia Route 259 on the Virginia line. High View is home to The Bhavana Society Forest Monastery and Retreat Center. According to the 2000 census, the High View community has a population of 791 [1].
A public identifier is a document processing construct in SGML and XML.
In HTML and XML, a public identifier is meant to be universally unique within its application scope. It typically occurs in a Document Type Declaration.
A public identifier is meant to identify a document type that may span more than one application. A system identifier is meant for a document type that is used exclusively in one application.
In the following Document Type Declaration, the public identifier is -//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
The Australian 1st Aviation Regiment is an Australian Army aviation unit and part of the 16th (Aviation) Brigade. The Regiment was formed on 26 April 1966 as the 1st Division Army Aviation Regiment and was redesignated the 1st Aviation Regiment in March 1967. While the Regiment has historically operated a mix of fixed wing aircraft and helicopters, it is currently being re-equipped with the Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter and is in the process of re-locating to newly constructed facilities at Robertson Barracks in Darwin.
Source: Australian Army Aviation Association website
The distortion power factor is used in power electronics to describe how a load’s harmonic distortion of the current decreases the average power transferred to the load. Distortion power factor is an important factor in the calculation of true power factor, which describes the decrease in average power transferred due to harmonics and to phase shift between voltage and current.
\mbox{distortion power factor} = {1 \over \sqrt{ 1 + \mbox{THD}_i^2}} = {I_{\mbox{1,rms}} \over I_{\mbox{rms}}}
</math>
<math>\mbox{THD}_i</math> is the total harmonic distortion of the load current. This definition assumes that the voltage stay undistorted (sinusoidal, without harmonics). This simplification is often a good approximation in practice. <math>I_{1,\mbox{rms}}</math> is the fundamental component of the current and <math>I_{\mbox{rms}}</math> is the total current - both are root mean square-values.
The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor (DPF) is the true power factor or just power factor (PF):
\mbox{PF} = \mbox{DPF} {I_{\mbox{1,rms}} \over I_{\mbox{rms}}}
</math>
Transcription may refer to:
Digital communications refers to the field of study concerned with the transmission of digital data. This is in contrast with analog communications. While analog communications use a continuously varying signal, a digital transmission can be broken down into discrete messages. Transmitting data in discrete messages allows for greater signal processing capability. The ability to process a communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be sampled instead of continuously monitored and multiple signals can be multiplexed together to form one signal.
Because of all these advantages, and because recent advances in wideband communication channels and solid-state electronics have allowed scientists to fully realize these advantages, digital communications has grown quickly. Digital communications is quickly edging out analog communication because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital communiations to do so.
BMD can refer to several things:
Efke is the brand name of photographic films, papers, and chemicals manufactured by Fotokemika d.d., a company located in Samobor, Croatia.
The Efke films are black-and-white films with high silver content and as a result give a large exposure latitude and high quality grayscale reproduction when compared with modern films. The Efke 25, 50 and 100 products are made using the ADOX formulas that were first introduced in the 1950s.
The Efke films are more forgiving of exposure variations than modern tabular crystal films. The nature of the product also allows large, grain free, enlargements to be made from negatives.
Efke films are coated in one layer, unlike most other films which are coated in multiple layers. This makes the film thinner and the emulsion more easily damaged, especially when still wet after development. A hardening fixer can be used to help protect the emulsion. The film base is also thinner and more transparent, making inspection of the negative easier. However it can also make the film curl more easily.
Efke is one of the last manufacturers still making the once-popular 127 film, and indeed was the only manufacturer in the world making 127 format film between 1995, when Kodak discontinued the format, and 2006, when a Canadian company also began making 127.
A block error is a common type of error in certain types of digital television transmission, particularly those that use image compression. Its presence in a television image is a telltale sign that 1) the signal is broadcast digitally, as this type of error can not occur in analog transmission, and 2) that there is a significant amount of noise, as digital television is designed to tolerate a certain amount of interference. Block errors are usually detected, but not corrected, by the receiving device and are commonly displayed as empty black boxes in the television image.
Because of how television images are usually compressed, a block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames. In the worst case, a few block errors per frame could render the video from a television broadcast unviewable.
Block errors are most common in digital satellite television, where bad weather or motion of the satellite dish can cause interference outside the broadcaster’s control.
Block errors can occur at levels of interference where an analog transmission would be fuzzy but still viewable. Thus, block errors are a fine example of the consequences of trade offs in engineering. Although in ideal conditions, digital transmission far exceeds analog transmission in performance, below a certain threshold of signal to noise ratio, digital transmission becomes untenable.
Factor prices are the prices that the factors of production of a finished item attract.
There has been some economic debate as to what determines these prices. Classical and Marxist economists argued that the factor prices decided the value of a product and so value was intrinsic within the product. For this reason, the term ‘natural price’ is often instead used.
Marginalist economists argue that the price of factors is a function of the demand of the final product, and so they are imputed from the finished product. The theory of imputation was first expounded by the Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser.
The New Zealand Automobile Association or AA is a mutual organisation that provides road service and related services to its members. Its head office is located in Auckland.
Services provided by the AA include roadside service, vehicle inspections, touring products and a discount or loyalty program known as AA Rewards. The AA Rewards program is the sponsor of the country’s amateur domestic rugby competition, the Heartland Championship.
The AA is a member of the Alliance Internationale de Tourisme though which its members can receive reciprocal road service in a number of companies across the world.
The AA provides insurance to its members though AA Insurance, an insurance brand operated as a joint venture with the Promina Group. Prior to 1994, the AA promoted AMI Insurance to its members.
Jean-Yves Bouguet, Ph.D., member of the Computer Vision Research Group in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Caltech, after being graduated from ESIEE. Bouguet developed and holds a patent for a new method for 3D scanning based on dual-space geometry.
The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is an international body, founded in the late 1980s by NEC Home Electronics and eight other video display adapter manufacturers. The initial goal was to produce a standard for 800×600 SVGA resolution video displays. Since then VESA has issued a number of standards, mostly relating to the function of video peripherals in IBM PC compatible computers.
Among VESA’s standards:
VESA have charged high price for published standards, which have prevented the propagation of the supposed open standards.[1] According to Kendall Bennett, developer of VBE/AF standard, VESA Software Standards Committee was closed down as a result of such practice. Although nowadays VESA have hosted free standards, the collection rarely (if ever) include newly developed standards. Even for obsolete standards, the collection is incomplete. The secretive practices persist even when competing standard committees are offering their specifications free of charge. As of 2006, a document (even those offered freely by VESA) can cost hundreds of dollars, and the only way to get some of the older standards (assuming they are still on sale) is through those already having the printed versions.
VESA had been criticized for having a track record of developing unsuccessful digital interface standards.[2]
Source tracking pertains to the ability of some hypertext systems to rigorously track the exact source of every document or partial document included in the system; that is, they remember who entered the information, when it was entered, when it was updated and by whom, and so on. This allows determining the exact history of every document (and even small parts of documents).
Present HTML and HTTP do not have this feature, but certain systems on the World Wide Web (such as WikiWiki and Everything Engine) may have limited versions of the capability.
Transparent Distributed Processing, or TDP, is the name that the QNX operating system uses to refer to its network distributed architecture. Since QNX is a microkernel it is inherently network distributable, so TDP actually boils down to a protocol module that plugs in to the QNX networking stack. This protocol module (known as qnet) links the microkernels across the network together, so that operating system services are accessed using exactly the same mechanism without regard to the computer node on which they reside.
TDP is covered by U.S. Patent 5,745,759
The Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security is a New Zealand official who is responsible for supervising the country’s two main intelligence agencies, the
Security Intelligence Service and the Government Communications Security Bureau. The Inspector-General is responsible for ensuring that these agencies comply with the law, and with investigating public complaints about their activities.
The Inspector-General is chosen by the Prime Minister, after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The appointee must be a retired High Court judge. The Inspector-General makes an annual report to the Prime Minister, with a copy going to the Leader of the Opposition. A version with secret information removed is presented to Parliament.
The position of Inspector-General was created in 1996. It replaced an earlier Commissioner for Security Appeals, a position created in 1969.
Methods engineering is a sub specialty of Industrial engineering concerned with the integration of the human being into a productive process.Methods Engineering Reference book Alternatively it can be described as the design of the productive process in which a person is involved. The task of deciding where that person will be used in the process of converting raw materials to finished products and deciding how that person can most effectively perform the tasks assigned.Methods Engineering Reference book
Work Design & Measurement, IE Terminology, 2000 Revised Edition
Harald Fuchs (born 1951) is a Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Münster, Germany, Scientific Director of the Center of Nanotechnology (CeNTech) in Münster, and co-director of the Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) in Karlsruhe. His research focuses on nanoscale science and nanotechnology, ranging from scanning probe microscopy to self organized nanostructure fabrication, and nano-bio systems. He has published more than 250 scientific articles in various journals as an author or co-author. He was awarded the Philip Morris Research Prize “Challenge Future” in 1994 and the Münsterland Innovation Prize in 2001. He is currently a member of various scientific organizations including the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina. He holds two guest professorships in China. He is a cofounder of several nanotechnology companies and a member of the Editorial Boards in several international journals.
The obliquus capitis inferior muscle is the larger of the two oblique muscles of the neck. It arises from the apex of the spinous process of the axis and passes laterally and slightly upward, to be inserted into the lower and back part of the transverse process of the atlas.
It is responsible for rotation of the head and first cervical vertebra (atlanto-axial joint).
In crystallography, a vacancy is a type of point defect in a crystal. Crystals inherently possess imperfections, often referred to as ‘crystalline defects’. A defect wherein an atom, such as silicon, is missing from one of the sites is known as a ‘vacancy’ defect.
Vacancies occur naturally in all crystalline materials. At any given temperature, up to the melting point of the material, there is an equilibrium concentration (ratio of vacant lattice sites to those containing atoms). At the melting point of some metals the ratio can be approximately 0.1%
The creation of a vacancy can be simply modeled by considering the energy required to break the bonds between an atom inside the crystal and its nearest neighbor atoms. Once that atom is removed from the lattice site, it is put back on the surface of the crystal and some energy is retrieved because new bonds are established with other atoms on the surface. However, there is a net input of energy because there are fewer bonds between surface atoms than between atoms in the interior of the crystal.
At any given temperature, the amount of energy needed to create a vacancy is diminished because creating a vacancy disorders the interior of the crystal. The measure of this disorder is called the entropy of the system. Adding vacancies to the material increases the entropy, which tends to reduce the total energy required to create the vacancy. We call this energy the free energy and this is the energy that is required to create an equilibrium concentration of vacancies at a given temperature.
.mc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Monaco.
Registrations are made directly at the second level, or under these names:
Second-level registrations require a company registration in Monaco.
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) composition takes advantage of the MIDI interface to allow musical data files to be shared among various electronic instruments by using a standard list of commands and parameters known as General MIDI (GM). Because the music is simply data and not actually recorded wave forms, (the data is essentially a series of “on” and “off” commands, along with numerical information) it is therefore maintained in a small file format. Several computer programs allow manipulation of the data so that composing for an entire orchestra is possible and can be reproduced by any electronic instrument that adheres to the GM standards. There are many websites that allow downloads of popular songs as well as classical music, and there are also some websites where midi composers can share their works and compete with others. One of these is Midi Contest, which also provides interaction between composers through forums and voice chat.
Along with the standard MIDI format, a popular variation is the .KAR format, a standard GM MIDI file with embedded song lyrics which, when played back using a compatible PC karaoke player, display the lyrics karaoke-style while playing the song. Although the MIDI karaoke format precludes the use of background vocals and harmonies, the incredibly small size of the file (in comparison to other “digital music” formats), the ease with which the files may be modified and edited, and the ever-increasing quality of midi instrumentation has ensured the continued popularity of the MIDI karaoke format.
Two United States Navy ships have borne the name Duluth, after the city of Duluth, Minnesota.
The basic step, basic movement, basic pattern, or simply basic is the dance move that defines the character of a particular dance. It sets the rhythm of the dance; it is the default move to which a dancer returns, when not performing any other moves. For some dances it is sufficient to know the basic step performed in different handholds and dance positions to enjoy it socially.
Most traditional partner dances have only one basic step which can be easily mastered. Others, such as West Coast Swing, have multiple basic steps, any of which can theoretically be selected by the leader.
A digibox can refer to either:
In telecommunication, the term synchronizing has the following meanings:
In the civilian community, the noun “synchronization ” is preferred to “synchronizing.”
This article is based on the Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL-STD-188.
Thumbs.db is a file used by versions of Microsoft Windows that stores a cache for Windows Explorer’s thumbnail view. Thumbs.db is saved in each directory that contains pictures or photos.
Windows stores thumbnails of graphics files in the Thumbs.db file, including the following formats: JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIF, PDF and HTM. Each thumbnail created in a directory is represented in this database file as a small JPEG file, regardless of the file’s original format. Each folder with initiated thumbnail views (that is where they have displayed a Thumbnails or Filmstrip view in Windows Explorer) will have a thumbs.db file.
Windows XP Media Center Edition also creates ehthumbs.db which holds previews of video files.
In Windows Vista, Microsoft replaced thumbs.db files with a centralized thumbnail database thumbcache_xxxx.db located in \Users\[user name]\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Explorer.