Document scanning software info

Berkley () is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 361. The village is north-east of Frome.

Church

The church, which was erected in 1751, is dedicated to St. Mary, and includes a recently restored organ. It is a grade II* listed building.

Several toombs in the graveyard are listed buildings in their own right;

School

Berkley First School is a small village school catering for 4 to 9 year olds.

Famous residents

Alexander Barclay, author of “The Ship of Fools,” was a native of this village. He died in 1552.

Other Listed Buildings

References

S9 is a line on the Berlin S-Bahn.

Grange railway station is the terminal railway station on the Grange railway line which is located in the western Adelaide suburb of Grange. It is located 13km by railway from the Adelaide Railway Station.

The current location of Grange railway station, on the eastern side of Military Road, dates from the late 80s/early 90s. Previously the station was located on the western side of Military Road. The station was moved to allow traffic to flow along Military Road uninterupted by the arrival of trains.

Adjacent Stations

See also

• List of Adelaide railway stations
• List of closed Adelaide railway stations
• TransAdelaide
• List of suburban and commuter rail systems
• Railways in Adelaide
• Rail transport in South Australia

In civil engineering, specified loads are the best estimate of the actual loads a structure is expected to carry. These loads come in many different forms, such as people, equipment, vehicles, wind, rain, snow, earthquakes, the building materials themselves, etc. In general, these loads can be divided into two major classes: live loads (loads which are not always present in the structure) and dead loads (loads which are permanent and immovable excepting redesign or renovation).

A good example of specified loads would be the following simplified floor to ceiling sandwich load table (based on the National Building Code of Canada standards):

Floor Finish (Terrazzo) per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2
Reinforced Concrete per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2
Mechanical Services = 0.35 kN/m^2
Electrical Services = 0.10 kN/m^2

Floor Area (110 mm thickness) = 8 m^2

Total Dead Load = (0.24 + 11*0.24 + 0.35 + 0.10)*8 = 26.64 kN

In order to design to these loads, one would need to convert them to design loads by applying Load factors or, more generally, a form of safety factors to them. In the case of limit states design, the resulting factored load is then called a Design load. Note that in this case of Limit states design, we would refer to the factor as a load factor rather than a safety factor in order to try and eliminate possible confusion between Limit states design and the older Allowable stress design.

A low water crossing (also known as an Irish bridge, causeway in Australia, low level crossing or low water bridge) provides a bridge when water flow is low. Under high flow conditions, water runs over the roadway and precludes vehicular traffic. This approach is cheaper than building a bridge to raise the level of the road above the highest flood stage of a river, particularly in developing countries or in semi-arid areas with rare high-volume rain.

Construction

The simplest form of low water crossing is a ford. A ford permits vehicular traffic to cross a waterway with wet wheels. The term “low water crossing” implies that the crossing is usually dry, while “ford” implies that the crossing is usually wet.

A simple low-water crossing can be constructed with culverts. Culverts (often concrete pipes) are used to carry the water in a stream keeping the crossing surface dry for most of the year. High flows, i.e. spring runoff or flash floods, flow over the top of the crossing, as the culverts are not large enough to carry these flood-type runoff events.

A more elaborate low-water bridge will usually be an engineered concrete structure. There are thousands of such structures in the western United States; some of them accommodate four-lane city streets or highways. Typically, a low-water bridge that accommodates a high daily volume of vehicular traffic will be underwater only a few days per decade.

Navigation

A low-water bridge renders the waterway non-navigable. In almost all cases this is not a practical concern, since the waterway would be non-navigable except during flood conditions anyway.

A low-water bridge is sometimes called a submersible bridge, but this is a misnomer. A true submersible bridge is used on navigable waterways and is actively lowered into the water.

Safety

The concept behind fords and low water crossings is that they are safe to use in normal conditions. The obvious corollary is that they are not safe to use in high-water conditions. Unfortunately, many lives are lost each year when people attempt to cross a ford or a low-water bridge when the water level is higher than the safe level.

External links/references

• Design of Irish bridges. fords and causeways in developing countries
• Low Flow, Mid-Level Stream and Ditch Crossings With Culverts
• Guidelines for Roading and Watercourse Crossings

Egon Karlheinz Bahr (born March 18 1922 in Treffurt/Thüringen) is a German former politician for the SPD.

The former journalist created the “Ostpolitik” of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, for whom he served as Secretary of the Prime Minister’s Office from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany, and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister.

In mathematics, a factor graph is an <math>X,F</math>-bipartite graph where <math>X=\{X_1,X_2,\dots,X_n\}</math> is a set of variables and <math>F=\{f_1,f_2,\dots,f_m\}</math> is a set of factors. A factor <math>f_j</math> is a function mapping from a subset of variables <math>X_j\subseteq X</math> to some range (such as the interval between 0 and 1). This graph represents the factorisation

<math>g(\mathbf{x}) = \prod_{j=1}^m f_j(\mathbf{x_j}),</math>

where <math>\mathbf{x}</math> is an assignment to all variables in <math>X</math> and <math>\mathbf{x_j}</math> is the assignment of
<math>\mathbf{x}</math> to all variables in <math>X_j</math>.

When using a factor graph to represent a probability distribution, each factor can be thought of as small distribution over a subset of the variables. The joint distribution is made up from the product of the individual distributions.
Factor graphs can be used to describe large distributions in which many pairs of variables are stochastically independent by explicitly listing only those groups of variables which are stochastically dependent.

Inference over a factor graph can be done using a message passing algorithm such as belief propagation. This is much more efficient than marginalization over a general distribution (which sums over every possible value of every variable, resulting in an exponential amount of summands), because the message passing approach exploits the locality properties of the factor graph.

Other probabilistic models such as Markov networks and Bayesian networks can be represented as factor graphs; the latter representation is frequently used when performing inference over such networks using belief propagation. On the other hand, Bayesian networks are more naturally suited for generative models, as they can directly represent the causalities of the model.

Forney factor graph

See also

• Belief propagation
• Bayesian inference
• Conditional probability
• Markov network
• Bayesian network

External links

• A tutorial-style dissertation by Volker Koch

A block error is a common type of error in certain types of digital television transmission, particularly those that use image compression. Its presence in a television image is a telltale sign that 1) the signal is broadcast digitally, as this type of error can not occur in analog transmission, and 2) that there is a significant amount of noise, as digital television is designed to tolerate a certain amount of interference. Block errors are usually detected, but not corrected, by the receiving device and are commonly displayed as empty black boxes in the television image.

Because of how television images are usually compressed, a block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames. In the worst case, a few block errors per frame could render the video from a television broadcast unviewable.

Block errors are most common in digital satellite television, where bad weather or motion of the satellite dish can cause interference outside the broadcaster’s control.

Block errors can occur at levels of interference where an analog transmission would be fuzzy but still viewable. Thus, block errors are a fine example of the consequences of trade offs in engineering. Although in ideal conditions, digital transmission far exceeds analog transmission in performance, below a certain threshold of signal to noise ratio, digital transmission becomes untenable.

User in a computing context refers to one who uses a computer system. Users may need to identify themselves for the purposes of accounting, security, logging and resource management. In order to identify oneself, a user has an account (a user account) and a username (also called a screen name, handle, nickname, or nick on some systems), and in most cases also a password (see below). Users employ the user interface to access systems, and the process of identification is often referred to as authentication.

Users are also widely characterized as the class of people that uses a system without complete technical expertise required to fully understand the system. In most hacker-related contexts, they are also called real users. See also End-user (computer science).

A computer user is similar to the user in telecommunications, but with slight semantic differences. The difference is comparable to the difference between end-users and consumers in economics.

For instance, one can be a user of (and have an account on) a computer system, a computer network or have an e-mail account.

Semantics

A user account allows one to authenticate to system services. It also generally provides one with the opportunity to be authorized to access them. However, authentication does not automatically imply authorization.
Once the user has logged on, the operating system will often use an identifier such as an integer to refer to them, rather than their username. On Unix systems this is called the user identifier or user id.

Computer systems are divided into two groups based on what kind of users they have:

• single-user systems do not have a concept of several user accounts
• multi-user systems have such a concept, and require users to identify themselves before using the system.

Compare

• Luser
• End-user (computer science)
• Stakeholder: a user is an operational stakeholder; many other stakeholders are not involved in operations
• Registered user
• Superuser

See also

• Nickname
• Password

References

A superluminescent diode (SLD) is an edge-emitting semiconductor light source based on superluminescence. It combines the high power and brightness of laser diodes with the low coherence of ELED. Its emission band is 20-100 nm. The SLD was invented in 1986 by Gerard A. Alphonse.

External links

• Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology entry
• Short overview of device operation principles and performance parameters (PDF).
• Power Technology in depth look at Superluminescent Diodes and Applications.

A robotic book scanner is a machine which is used to scan books for upload to digital archives such as Project Gutenberg. The robotic scanners consist of three parts: a robot to turn the pages; a cradle, or table, to hold the book; and a camera. The camera or the imaging sensor captures an image of each page, as the robot turns the pages of the book. During the process, the book remains intact.

Robotic book scanners are used by many digital library projects, including Google Book Search.

External links

• Robotic Book Scanning at Stanford
• Home made scanner, using LEGO by MURANUSHI Takayuki
• BookDrive and BookDrive DIY using a Canon DSLR

Level 2 may refer to:

• A type of cache (Computer Memory)
• A NASDAQ price quotation service
• Level II, an album by Eru
• One of the levels in System Support. Level 1 could refer to the first line of support, Level 2 could refer to the level of support that requires more involvement from the support provider.
• Quiz (Level 2 of Kirkpatrick’s 4 levels of evaluation)

The Jeolla Line is a railway line serving North and South Jeolla Provinces in South Korea. The line is served by frequent passenger trains from Seoul (via the Gyeongbu and Honam Lines) to Yeosu. Major stations and junctions on the line include:

• Iksan (formerly known as Iri), junction with the Honam and Gunsan Lines;
• Dongsan, terminus of the Bukjeonju Line;
• Jeonju, capital of North Jeolla;
• Suncheon, junction with the Gyeongjeon Line;
• Deogyang, terminus of the Yeocheon Line; and
  
• Yeosu on the south coast.

See also

• Korail
• Transportation in South Korea
• List of Korea-related topics

Transcription may refer to:

• Transcription (linguistics), the conversion of spoken words into written language. Also the conversion of handwriting, or a photograph of text into pure text
• Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP)
• Transcription (music), either notating an unnotated piece, common in ethnomusicology, or rewriting a piece, either simply recopying (as for clarity), or as an arrangement for another instrument
• Medical transcription, documentation of patients medical records
• Piano transcription, a piece of music played on one or more pianos that is an approximation of a source piece of music
• in computer speech recognition, transcription is the process of having a speech recognition system/software listen to prerecorded voice and then make it insert the recognizable words into a document for later correction

See also

• Transcript

Digital communications refers to the field of study concerned with the transmission of digital data. This is in contrast with analog communications. While analog communications use a continuously varying signal, a digital transmission can be broken down into discrete messages. Transmitting data in discrete messages allows for greater signal processing capability. The ability to process a communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be sampled instead of continuously monitored and multiple signals can be multiplexed together to form one signal.
Because of all these advantages, and because recent advances in wideband communication channels and solid-state electronics have allowed scientists to fully realize these advantages, digital communications has grown quickly. Digital communications is quickly edging out analog communication because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital communiations to do so.

See also

• Information Theory
• Data transmission
• Error Correction
• Data compression
• Digital signal
• Spread-spectrum
• Sampling (signal processing)
• Modulation
• Intersymbol interference
• block diagram of digital communication system

Jean-Yves Bouguet, Ph.D., member of the Computer Vision Research Group in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Caltech, after being graduated from ESIEE. Bouguet developed and holds a patent for a new method for 3D scanning based on dual-space geometry.

Awards

• 1999: J. Walker von Brimer award for “extraordinary accomplishments in the field of 3D photography”

Accomplishments

• Developed “Camera Calibration Toolkit” for MatLab [1]
• Developed method for 3D scanning

Research Interests

• Computer vision
• Computer graphics
• Three-dimensional scene modeling
• Visual navigation
• Computational geometry
• Visual calibration
• Image processing
• Early vision processes
• Machine learning and pattern recognition
• Analog VLSI for visual sensors

External links

• CalTech: Bouguet’s Homepage
• Intel: Home page at Intel
• MatLab documentation: Camera Calibration Toolkit manual

The Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security is a New Zealand official who is responsible for supervising the country’s two main intelligence agencies, the
Security Intelligence Service and the Government Communications Security Bureau. The Inspector-General is responsible for ensuring that these agencies comply with the law, and with investigating public complaints about their activities.

The Inspector-General is chosen by the Prime Minister, after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The appointee must be a retired High Court judge. The Inspector-General makes an annual report to the Prime Minister, with a copy going to the Leader of the Opposition. A version with secret information removed is presented to Parliament.

The position of Inspector-General was created in 1996. It replaced an earlier Commissioner for Security Appeals, a position created in 1969.

List of Inspectors-General

• Laurie Grieg (1996 - 2004)
• Paul Neazor (2004 - )

In crystallography, a vacancy is a type of point defect in a crystal. Crystals inherently possess imperfections, often referred to as ‘crystalline defects’. A defect wherein an atom, such as silicon, is missing from one of the sites is known as a ‘vacancy’ defect.

Vacancies occur naturally in all crystalline materials. At any given temperature, up to the melting point of the material, there is an equilibrium concentration (ratio of vacant lattice sites to those containing atoms). At the melting point of some metals the ratio can be approximately 0.1%

The creation of a vacancy can be simply modeled by considering the energy required to break the bonds between an atom inside the crystal and its nearest neighbor atoms. Once that atom is removed from the lattice site, it is put back on the surface of the crystal and some energy is retrieved because new bonds are established with other atoms on the surface. However, there is a net input of energy because there are fewer bonds between surface atoms than between atoms in the interior of the crystal.

At any given temperature, the amount of energy needed to create a vacancy is diminished because creating a vacancy disorders the interior of the crystal. The measure of this disorder is called the entropy of the system. Adding vacancies to the material increases the entropy, which tends to reduce the total energy required to create the vacancy. We call this energy the free energy and this is the energy that is required to create an equilibrium concentration of vacancies at a given temperature.

External links

• Crystalline Defects in Silicon

.mc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Monaco.

Second-level domains

Registrations are made directly at the second level, or under these names:

• .tm.mc: registered trademarks (registered in Monaco or internationally with WIPO
• .asso.mc: associations (must be chartered in Monaco)

Second-level registrations require a company registration in Monaco.

External links

• IANA .mc whois information
• .mc domain registration website

In telecommunication, the term communications jamming (COMJAM) has the following meanings:

1. The portion of electronic jamming that is directed against communications circuits and systems.
2. The prevention of successful radio communications by the use of electromagnetic signals, i.e., the deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the objective of impairing the effective use of electronic communications systems.

The aim of communications jamming is to prevent communications by electromagnetic means, or at least to degrade communications sufficiently to cause delays in transmission and reception. Jamming may be used in conjunction with deception to achieve an overall electronic counter-measure (ECM) plan implementation.

See also

• Jamming

In model theory, a nonstandard model is a model of a theory that differs from (i.e. is not isomorphic to) the intended model. If the intended model is infinite, then the Löwenheim-Skolem theorems guarantee the existence of nonstandard models. The nonstandard models can be chosen as elementary extensions or elementary substructures of the intended model.

Nonstandard models are studied in set theory, non-standard analysis, and non-standard arithmetic.

Electronic Engineering Times is a weekly magazine of the electronic industry published in the USA by CMP Media LLC.

While it has a subscription cost, it is free for qualified engineers and managers of the industry. It is also available online.

The EE Times hosts news, columns, and featured articles for semiconductor manufacturing, communications, electronic design automation, electronic engineering, technology, and products.

External link

• eeTimes home

The Gunsan Line is a railway line serving North Jeolla Province in South Korea. The line connects the major railway junction of Iksan (on the Honam Line) to the city of Gunsan. KTX transit is available at Iksan station.

Line Data

Length: 22.3kms
Double track: Nil

See also

• Korean National Railroad
• Transportation in South Korea
• List of Korea-related topics

External links

• Korean National Railroad, for train times and other information

A product requirements document (PRD) is used in product marketing to plan and execute new products. A PRD is often created after a marketing requirements document (MRD) has been written and been given approval by management, and is usually written before (or at least concurrently with) a technical requirements document. It is designed to allow people within a company to understand what a product should do and how it should work. PRDs are most frequently written for software products, but can be used for any type of product.

Typical components of a software product requirements document are:

• Title & author Information
• Purpose and scope, from both a technical and business perspective
• Stakeholder identification
• Market assessment and target demographics
• Product overview and use cases
• Requirements, including
  • functional requirements (e.g. what a product should do)
  • usability requirements
  • technical requirements (e.g. security, network, platform, integration, client)
  • environmental requirements
  • support requirements
  • interaction requirements (e.g. how the software should work with other systems)
• Constraints
• Workflow plans, timelines and milestones
• Evaluation plan and performance metrics

Not all PRDs have all of these components. In particular, PRDs for other types of products (manufactured goods, etc.) will eliminate the software-specific elements from the list above, and may add in additional elements that pertain to their domain, e.g. manufacturing requirements.

A PRD sometimes serves as a marketing requirements document as well, particularly if the product is small or uncomplicated.

See also

• Marketing requirements document
• Requirements management
• User requirements document

Templates & How-Tos

• Sample Requirements Document put together for wireless email enhancements
• Joel on Software: Painless Functional Specifications - Written in 2000, one of the seminal articles on writing software requirements docs
• StartupCTO: Writing Good Functional Requirements
• StartupCTO: Software Requirements Template (MS Word)
• Process Impact: SRS Template - (MS Word)

Bitmap textures are digital images representing a surface, a material, a pattern or even a picture, generated by an artist or designer using a bitmap editor software such as Adobe Photoshop or Gimp or simply by scanning an image and, if necessary, retouching it on a personal computer.

Textures can be built as a large image, larger than the final destination (such a page, for example) so as to fill the complete area without repeating the image (thus avoiding visible seams). Also bitmap textures can be created to be used as repetitive patterns to fill an infinite area. The borders of these patterns or small textures should be treated to give a seamless appearance when applied to an image, unless, of course, the seam is something to be shown.

When designed for print, textures should be created in high-resolution in order to achieve good results in the final print.

On the other side, if these textures are meant to be used in multimedia, 3d animation or web design, they should be created in a maximum resolution that equals the one of the final display (Tv, computer monitor, movie projector, etc.).

If creating a texture with a computer is not an option, then textures can be obtained by purchasing stock images collections, which are expensive but often of a professional quality.

This article was taken from The Photoshop Roadmap with written permission.

See also

• Procedural textures

External links

• Photoshop textures and backgrounds tutorials
• Photoshop CS Tutorial listings, textures, layouts, and more..

Single density, often shortened SD, is a capacity designation on magnetic storage, usually floppy disks. It describes the use of an encoding (or modulation) of information using FM.

Early floppy disk drives used this method, but they are now obsolete.

See also

• Floppy disk format

A Core Strategy Document is the key compulsory Local Development Document specified in United Kingdom planning law. Every other Local Development Document is built on the principles it sets out, regarding the development and use of land in a Local Planning Authority’s area. The principles should be in accordance with the Community strategy.

Some Legal Requirements of The Core Strategy Document

Additional to the requirements of all Local Development Documents, Core Strategies:-

• Should be location specific rather than site specific and so may be illustrated by a key diagram or on Ordnance Survey based proposals maps.
• May need to be expressed as criteria based policies.
  

See also

• Development Plan Document
• The Town and Country Planning (Local Development) (England) Regulations 2004

External links

• Statutory Instrument (2004/2204)

debhelper is a suite of programs originally written by Joey Hess that help a Debian packager write a rules files. A rules file is a makefile that contains instructions for building and creating a Debian package.

Overview

There are many tasks that need to be performed over and over again in the rules files. Instead of cutting and pasting code to do these tasks, debhelper allows a packager to simply call one of its 51 programs to do the task for them.

debhelper can greatly simplify things. Debian includes packages of GNU hello made both with and without debhelper as examples for packagers. The rules file that does not use debhelper is 1,978 characters. In contrast, the version that uses debhelper is 1,022 characters.

dh_make

Related to debhelper, there is also a tool called dh_make. dh_make copies templates of all of the files needed to build a debian package to the source directory of a program. These templates are customized slightly based on information that the user gives and on a cursory examination of how the source code is built. After running dh_make, a developer still has to edit most of the template files to be able to build the package.

Although closely related to it, dh_make is not part of debhelper; it was separately developed by Craig Small.

See also

• CDBS builds on debhelper to allow a user to write even shorter rules files.
• Debian GNU/Linux.

A kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm²), often just kilogram per square centimeter (kg/cm²), is a unit of pressure using metric units. Its use is now deprecated; it is not a part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system. The unit is similar to the English unit psi (lbf/in²).

In SI units, the unit is converted to the SI derived unit pascal (Pa), which is defined as one newton per square meter (N/m²). A newton is equal to a kg·m/s², and a kilogram-force is 9.80665 newtons, meaning that 1 kgf/cm² equals 98.0665 kilopascals.

In some older publications, kilogram-force per square centimeter is abbreviated ksc instead of kg/cm².

See also

• Technical atmosphere, another name for this unit

Still, kg/cm² remains active as a measurement of force primarily due to older torque measurement devices still in use.

A CTQ Tree (Critical to Quality Tree) is used to decompose broad customer requirements into more easily quantified requirements. CTQ Trees are often used in the Six Sigma methodology.

Creating a CTQ Tree

A CTQ tree decomposes a general, hard to measure requirement on the left, through several steps, into more specific, easy to measure variables on the right. It can be a simple, useful tool when the customer requirements are unspecified, broad, or difficult to measure. Sometimes this decomposition can be via mathematically combinable numbers (profit decomposed into price and cost), but sometimes the variables cannot be directly combined mathematically (customer service decomposed into short wait and friendly staff). A CTQ tree is a quick tool generally used near the beginning of a project, with a focus of discovering measurable critical-to-quality requirements, and not fully exploring the causes that influence those measures. It should not be confused with the Cause-and-Effects diagram, sometimes referred to as the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.

See also

• Six Sigma

References

• Rath & Strong Management Consultants, Six Sigma Pocket Guide, p. 18. ISBN 0-9705079-0-9
• George, Michael L., Lean Six Sigma, p. 111. ISBN 0-07-138521-5
• iSixSigma.com “Turning Customer Data into Critical to Satisfaction Data”

In population ecology, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is, theoretically, the largest yield/catch that can be taken from a species’ stock over an indefinite period. Under the assumption of logistic growth, the MSY will be exactly at half the carrying capacity of a species, as this is the stage at when population growth is highest. The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield.

This logistic model of growth is produced by a population introduced to a new habitat or with very poor numbers going through a lag phase of slow growth at first. Once it reaches a foothold population it will go through a rapid growth rate that will start to level off once the species approaches carrying capacity. The idea of maximum sustained yield is to decrease population density to the point of highest growth rate possible. This changes the number of the population, but the new number can be maintained indefinitely, ideally.

MSY is extensively used for fisheries management. Unlike the logistic (Schaefer) model, MSY in most modern fisheries models occurs at around 30% of the unexploited population size. This fraction differs among populations depending on the life history of the species and the age-specific selectivity of the fishing method.

Unfortunately errors in estimating the population dynamics of a species can lead to setting the maximum sustainable yield too high (or too low). An example of this was the New Zealand Orange roughy fishery. Early quotas were based on an assumption that the orange roughy had a fairly short lifespan and bred relatively quickly. However, it was later discovered that the orange roughy lived a long time and had bred slowly (~30 years). By this stage stocks had been largely depleted.

The sthène is the unit of force in the metre-tonne-second system of units (mts), invented in France and used in the Soviet Union 1933-1955. The symbol is sn. It is also used measurement in thrust.

1 sn 

= 1 t·m/s²

= 1000 kg·m/s² = 10³ N = 1 kN

The Forest Principles is the informal name given to the “Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests,” a document produced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for forestry.

At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increased foreign aid in order to pay for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise.

External links

The full text of the Forest Principles can be found on the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-3annex3.htm.

RTR can mean several things:

• RTR can refer to Rooftop-Retreat http://uepc014.ee.qub.ac.uk/rtr
• RTRFM RTR FM, an Australian radio station
• Royal Tank Regiment, the British Army Tank Corps
• Radio e Television Rumantscha - Rhaeto-Roman Radio and Television
• RTR is an acronym for Ready to run used in several fields:
  • RTR software refers to plug and play software
  • RTR models refers to pre-assembled items ready to run straight out of the box unlike a kit.
• Rossijskoe Teleradio - All Russian State Radio and Television
  • RTR can refer to Russia TV Channel
  • RTR-Planeta is a Russian satellite television channel
• RTR acronym “Really, that’s wrong”
• RTR can refer to Run-Time Reconfigurable logic
• RTR can refer to the mod of computer game Rome Total War, Rome Total Realism
• RTR can also refer to the Russian Tea Room, a New York City restaurant famous for its caviar.
• RTR can refer to ROLL TIDE ROLL, the rallying cry for the University of ALABAMA’s athletic teams, also known as the Crimson Tide.

The enthalpy of atomization (also standard enthalpy of atomisation - UK spelling) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms in a chemical substance (either a chemical element or a chemical compound). This is often represented by the symbol ΔH_at^O. The associated standard enthalpy is known as the Standard enthalpy of atomization, ΔH_at^O/(kJ·mol^-1), at 298 K and 1 atmosphere of pressure, or 100 kPa (kilopascals.)

The enthalpy of atomization of gaseous H₂O is, for example, the sum of the HO—H and H—O bond dissociation enthalpies. The enthalpy of atomization of an elemental solid is exactly the same as the enthalpy of sublimation for any elemental solid that becomes a monatomic gas upon evaporation.

There is a difference between a solid converting to a gas, and a diatomic gaseous element converting to gaseous atoms. The standard enthalpy is purely based on the production of one mole of gaseous atoms.

Nuclear density is the density of the nucleus of an atom, averaging about 10¹⁸ kgm^-3. The descriptive term nuclear density is also applied to situations where similarly high densities occur, such as within neutron stars.

The nuclear density in a typical nucleus can be calculated from the size of the nucleus. The radius of a typical nucleus is
<math>R=A^{1/3}r_0</math>
where <math>r_0</math> is 1.25 fm, with deviations of 0.2 fm from this value. The nucleons density <math>n</math> satisfies

<math>{4\over 3} \pi n R^3 = A</math>

Therefore <math>n = {3\over 4\pi {r_0}^3} = 0.122 fm^{-3} = 1.22 \cdot 10^{44} m^{-3}</math>.
The mass density given above is the product of this by the nucleon mass <math>1.67 10^{-27} kg</math>.

The components of an atom and of an atomic nucleus have varying densities. The proton is not a fundamental particle, being composed of quark-gluon matter. Its size is approximately 10^-15 meters and its density 10¹⁸ kgm^-3. Using deep inelastic scattering, it has been estimated that the “size” of an electron, if it is not a point particle, must be less than 10^-17 meters. This would correspond to a density of roughly 10²¹ kgm^-3.

Probing deeper within particles, one finds quarks which appear to be very dense and very hard. There are possibilities for still higher densities when it comes to quark matter, gluon matter, or neutrino matter. In the immediate future, the highest experimentally measurable densities will likely be limited to leptons and quarks.

See also

• Nuclear equation of state
• Nuclear matter
• Quark-gluon plasma
• Nuclear compressibility

Peachtree Accounting is business management software published by Sage Software and sold primarily in the United States. There have been several generations of software sold under the Peachtree Accounting name.

Peachtree Accounting was originally sold by Peachtree Software, a software publisher founded in 1975 by Jim Dunion with the first software published in 1976. Peachtree was acquired by the Sage Group in 1998 for USD $145 million. Peachtree was the first business software introduced for microcomputers and the oldest microcomputer software program for business in current use, with the possible exception of the original Microsoft Basic interpreters, also introduced in 1975.

See Also

• Comparison of accounting software

External links

• Peachtree website

(Yudit is an alternative spelling of Gudit, a Felasha queen who sacked the Ethiopian imperial capitol of Axum around the year 960 AD.)

Yudit is a unicode text editor for the X Window System. It was first released on 1997-11-08. It can do TrueType font rendering, printing, transliterated keyboard input and handwriting recognition with no dependencies on external engines. Its conversion utilities can convert text between various encodings. Keyboard input maps can also act like text converters. There is no need for a pre-installed multi-lingual environment. Menus are translated into multiple languages.

The author of Yudit is Gáspár Sinai, a Hungarian programmer, living and working in Japan.

See also

• List of text editors
• Comparison of text editors

External links

• Yudit homepage

A system identifier is a document processing construct introduced in the HyTime markup language as a supplement to SGML. It was subsequently incorporated into the HTML and XML markup languages.

In HyTime, there are two kinds of system identifier: formal system identifier (FSI) and simple system identifier.

In HTML and XML, a system identifier is a fragmentless URI reference. It typically occurs in a Document Type Declaration. In this context, it is intended to identify a document type which is used exclusively in one application, whereas a public identifier is meant to identify a document type that may span more than one application.

In the following example, the system identifier is the text contained within quotes:

<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

A turnaround document is a document that has been output from a computer, some extra information added to it, and then returned to become an input document. For example, meter cards are produced for collecting readings from gas meters, photocopiers, water meters etc. These are filled in by the customer and then returned to the company for scanning using ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) so that the system can produce the bills for the customer.

A wiggler is a parallel port interface for either JTAG or BDM debugging. Slower than a Raven, it is however a stable, easy to use device.

The wiggler is a low-cost interface used in the design, debug, and programming of microprocessor and microcontroller based embedded systems. One side of the Wiggler interfaces to the parallel port of a host (like an IBM compatible PC) and the other side connects to an OCD (On-Chip Debug) port of the target system. This port may be JTAG, E-JTAG, OnCE, COP, BDM, or any of several other types of connections.

In music hocket is the rhythmic linear technique using the alternation of notes, pitches, or chords. This is opposed to the alternation of phrases, or antiphony. In medieval practice of hocket, the melody in two voices moves (sometimes quickly) back-and-forth in such a manner that one voice is still while the other moves, and vice-versa.

In European music, hocket was used primarily in vocal music of the 13th and early 14th centuries. It was a predominant characteristic of music of the Notre Dame school, during the ars antiqua, in which it was found in sacred vocal music. In the 14th century, the device was most often found in secular vocal music.

The phrase originated from its use to describe medieval French motets but is commonly used in contemporary music (Louis Andriessen’s Hoketus), popular music (funk, stereo panning), Indonesian gamelan music (interlocking patterns shared between two instruments — called imbal in Java and Kotekan in Bali), Andean siku (panpipe) music (two pipe sets sharing the full number of pitches between them), and many African cultures such as the Ba-Benzélé (featured on Herbie Hancock’s Watermelon Man, see Pygmy music), Mbuti, Basarwa (Khoisan), and Gogo (Tanzania).

References

• Tagg, Philip. Hocket, Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World
• Musical example from Cent Motets du XIIIe Siècle, vol. I, Paris, 1908, 64-65.

See Also

• Louis Andriessen’s Hoketus.
• Kecak, Balinese performance piece also known as the Ramayana Monkey Chant.

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The Flodden Wall was a defensive structure built around the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, after the disastrous Battle of Flodden (1513), in which King James IV was killed. The construction was a response to threatened English invasion after a war started by James in support of the French and the Auld Alliance.

Although construction continued into the middle of the 16th-century, the hurriedly-conceived project offered little protection when the Protector Somerset sacked Edinburgh during the Rough Wooing. Its main effect, before being dismantled from the middle of the 17th-century, was to restrict the southern development of Edinburgh’s Old Town.

Today, the wall is best inspected at two locations; in the Vennel to the west of the Grassmarket and on the west side of the Pleasance turning up Drummond Street, where it originally enclosed the Blackfriar’s Monastery.

External links

• Flodden Wall Section Virtual Tour

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DSSP stands for digital shape sampling and processing. It is a unique method of digitizing the physical world. DSSP involves scanning a physical object with a 3D-scanner and processing the data with software.

Geomagic Incorporated, based in Research Triangle Park, NC USA is considered a pioneer in this field. The points generated by the scanning process accurately define the 3D-surface profile of the object being scanned, enabling the creation of a 3D CAD model of the scanned object. The scanned point set, known as a “point cloud” may be aligned with an existing CAD model, and using GeoMagic’s software, evaluate the geometric difference between the “as manufactured” object (point cloud) and the “as designed” object (CAD model). The result is a color-mapped model, showing the difference in size between the two objects. This technique is part of the field known as Computer Aided Inspection (CAI).

External links

• Geomagic’s Website

West Low German (also known as West Low Saxon, especially in the Netherlands) is a group of Low German dialects spoken West of the German state Low Saxony and the North East of the Netherlands. Most Dutch Low Saxon dialects fall under West Low Saxon, though some dialects of Gronings look a lot like East Frisian and thus fall under Northern Low Saxon.

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John O’Dreams although often called a traditional Irish song, was written by Bill Caddick, using a tune by Tchaikovsky. The titular central character is equivalent to the Sandman, a fictional character who sends people to sleep. The song portrays all people as being “equal in sleep”:

The Prince and the plowman, the slave and freeman
All find their comfort in old John O’Dreams

Obviously, sleep is also a metaphor for death, both as an eventual equalizer of all things, and for the allusion to a “crossing over,” as in a river, a prevalent theme in Western spiritual beliefs.

The most popular arrangements are by English singer/songwriter Bill Caddick. Singers Christy Moore and Jean Redpath also recorded versions. The enchanting arpeggiated melody is based on Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 6, “The Pathetique”, and is thought to have originated in a Russian folksong.

Lyrics

When midnight comes and people homeward tread

Seek now your blanket and your feather bed

Home comes the rover, his journey’s over

Yield up the night time to old John O’Dreams

Yield up the night time to old John O’Dreams

Across the hill, the sun is gone astray

Tomorrow’s cares are many dreams away

The stars are flying, your candle is dying

Yield up the darkness to old John O’Dreams

Yield up the darkness to old John O’Dreams

Both man and master in the night they’re one

All things are equal when the day is done

The prince the plowman, the slave the freeman

All find their comfort in old John O’ Dreams

All find their comfort in old John O’ Dreams

When sleep it comes the dreams come running clear

The hawks of morning cannot reach you here

Sleep is a river, flow on forever

And for your boatman choose old John O’Dreams

And for your boatman choose old John O’Dreams

When midnight comes and people homeward tread

Seek now your blanket and your feather bed

Home comes the rover, his journey’s over

Yield up the night time to old John O’Dreams

Yield up the night time to old John O’Dreams

A working paper is a preliminary scientific or technical paper. Often, authors will release working papers to share ideas about a topic or to elicit feedback before submitting to a peer reviewed conference or journal. Sometimes the term working paper is used synonymously as technical report. Working papers are typically hosted on websites, belonging either to the author or the author’s affiliated institution. The United Nations uses the term “working paper” in approximately this sense for the draft of a resolution.

Working papers can also refer to the documents required for a minor to get a job in certain states within the United States. Such papers usually require the employer, parent/guardian, school, and a physician to agree to the terms of work laid out by the employer.

Working papers can also refer to the documents required on an audit of a company’s financial statements. The working papers are the property of the accounting firm conducting the audit. These papers are formally referred to as Audit Documentation or sometimes as the audit file. The documents serve as proof of audit procedures performed, evidence obtained and the conclusion or opinion the auditor reached (AU 339.05). For more information, see AS 3 and AU 339 or www.aicpa.org.

See also

Preprint

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A photographic studio is both a workspace and a corporate body. As a workspace it is much like an artist’s studio, but providing space to take, develop, print and duplicate photographs. Photographic training and the display of finished photographs may also be accommodated in a photographic studio. Accordingly, the workspace may possess a darkroom, storage space, a studio proper - where photographs are taken, and a display room, as well as space for other related work.

As a corporate entity, a photographic studio is a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs.

Since the early years of the 20th century the corporate functions of a photographic studio have increasingly been called a “photographic agency,” leaving the term “photographic studio” to refer almost exclusively to the workspace.

References

• Art & Architecture Thesaurus, s.v. “studios (organizations)”
• Art & Architecture Thesaurus, s.v. “studios (work spaces)”

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PlaceWare was founded in 1997 as a spin-off from Xerox PARC. PlaceWare created the first commercial web conferencing product.

In 2003, Microsoft acquired