Document scanning software info

MEDR or Maximum Engineering Data Rate is a term primarily used by telephone companies to refer to the maximum data throughput supportable over targeted copper wire.

MEDR is actually a theoretical measure of the amount of data throughput a line can handle, but does not necessarily refer to the amount of data available to the customer at the end of said copper wiring. The data throughput that can actually be presented to the end user is measured by AIDR or As Is Data Rate.

MEDR automatically assumes that the copper wiring in question is groomed to the best available capacity and needs no further work and is an optimistic estimate of what can be achieved over the wire.

Beta is an extremely winter-hardy variety of North American grape derived from a cross of the Vitis labrusca-based cultivar Concord and a selection of Vitis riparia, the wild riverbank grape, called Carver).

It is an extremely cold-hardy grape that is self-fertile. This variety is grown successfully in Finland and was widely planted in Minnesota in the early 20th century. It ripens in late September in New York State. It bears dark, blue-black fruit that is used for jellies, fruit juices, etc. but rarely for wine.

Beta was released by Louis Suelter, and named for his wife. Because of this, the proper pronunciation is actually “Bett-uh”, but the name is more commonly assumed to follow the pronunciation of the Greek letter.

Suelter released a number of other cultivars from the same cross, including the equally hardy Suelter grape.

ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARF6 has a variety of cellular functions that are frequently involved in trafficking of biological membranes and transmembrane protein cargo. ARF6 has specifically been implicated in endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins and also, to a lesser extent, plasma membrane protein recycling.

ARF6 can interact with ßarrestin upon receptor activation.

External links

Active Images is a publisher of fonts and comic books based in the United States.

Founded by Richard Starkings the company publishes fonts which are used by their commercial comic book lettering division Comicraft and comic books featuring the character Hip Flask.

External links

• Official Active Images Website

Bangladesh Photographic Society (BPS) was founded in 1976 by few dedicated senior and experienced photographers with a mission to organize practicing professional and amateur photographers in Bangladesh. Under the dynamic leadership of Manzoor Alam Beg, a photo maestro and most successful mentor, BPS took off with great achievements like recognition and acceptance as the country member of world body FIAP (Federation of International Art Photography). BPS has emerged as a federation having fifteen photographic organizations all over the country.

Holding of monthly, yearly, national and international photography contests & exhibitions regularly are the bright track records of the organization. BPS members have so for earned more than eleven hundred invaluable awards including first and other coveted prizes in international photographic competitions which is incomparable achievement in any other field in Bangladesh.

To mention some of the BPS activities for its members are regular Monthly Meeting in its own premises where two photo contests (B&W and Color) are held. Slide shows and inaugurating a month long solo or group exhibition in BPS Gallery are the major part of the meeting.

Every year BPS organizes National Photographic Contest and Exhibition collaboration with the Ministry of Culture of Bangladesh Government. So far BPS organized some international photographic competitions and exhibitions very successfully and many of them with FIAP approval.

BPS also runs a Basic Photography Course which is a 14 session course that includes practical outdoor & darkroom works. Workshops on various photographic topics are often arranged by BPS.

BPS recognizes experienced and advanced photographers by awarding recognition like, Honorary member, Licentiate member (LBPS), Associate member (ABPS) and Fellow member (FBPS) after systematic evolution of their qualification, achievement, contribution, experience and portfolio. In all these categories honorary recognition are also awarded to celebrated and distinguished photographers.

It has more than 3,500 members at the moment.

Source: BPS paper publications.

In civil engineering, specified loads are the best estimate of the actual loads a structure is expected to carry. These loads come in many different forms, such as people, equipment, vehicles, wind, rain, snow, earthquakes, the building materials themselves, etc. In general, these loads can be divided into two major classes: live loads (loads which are not always present in the structure) and dead loads (loads which are permanent and immovable excepting redesign or renovation).

A good example of specified loads would be the following simplified floor to ceiling sandwich load table (based on the National Building Code of Canada standards):

Floor Finish (Terrazzo) per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2
Reinforced Concrete per 10 mm thickness = 0.24 kN/m^2
Mechanical Services = 0.35 kN/m^2
Electrical Services = 0.10 kN/m^2

Floor Area (110 mm thickness) = 8 m^2

Total Dead Load = (0.24 + 11*0.24 + 0.35 + 0.10)*8 = 26.64 kN

In order to design to these loads, one would need to convert them to design loads by applying Load factors or, more generally, a form of safety factors to them. In the case of limit states design, the resulting factored load is then called a Design load. Note that in this case of Limit states design, we would refer to the factor as a load factor rather than a safety factor in order to try and eliminate possible confusion between Limit states design and the older Allowable stress design.

A digital tuner is a tuning device that allows a television or radio set to receive signals via airwaves, satellite, or cable and translates them into a signal the device can display. A tuner is useful for receiving digital broadcasts over the air or via satellite and displaying it on a high definition television or standard definition television digital television set. Tuners are also used in radio receivers to tune in radio stations digitally (0.2 MHz increments for FM in the US, but less in other countries, thus most FM tuners use 0.1 MHz or 0.05 MHz increments), as opposed to analog dialing. Radio signals can also be received by digital radio tuners, which receive audio signals via satellite. A digital tuner could also refer to an ATSC tuner.Matthew Gast, “Digital TV without the Subscription”. 14 October, 2004.

See also

• ATSC tuner

References

XBin, or eXtended Binary, is a file format for saving IBM PC text mode images.

Essentially an extension to the normal raw-image BIN (raw memory copy of text mode video memory) files, it provides an enhanced means for saving console graphics superior to ANSI graphics.

The format was created by Belgian programmer Tasmaniac of ACiD, partly in response to the demand for a solution to save images in the BIN image format, which offered no insight as to the size/width of the image. XBin stores its width information internally so that a programmer or user does not need to define this information more than once, an inherent problem with plain BIN files.

XBin also had several notable features above and beyond that of standard text images saved in ANSI format in that it took further advantage of the text mode environment by (optionally) storing alternate palette color information, supporting modified character set fonts and its own simple compression system.

See also

• SAUCE

External links

• A brief introduction to XBin
• XBin file format specification
• XBin programming tutorial
• Ansilove/PHP A set of tools for converting ANSi/BiN/ADF/iDF/TUNDRA/XBiN files into PNG images

A Markov additive process (MAP) <math>\{(X(t),J(t)) : t \geq 0 \}</math> is a bivariate Markov process whose transition probability measure is translation invariant in the additive component <math>X(t)</math>.

Çinlar uses the unique structure of the MAP to prove that, given a gamma process with a shape parameter that is a function of Brownian motion, the resulting lifetime is distributed according to the Weibull distribution.

Kharoufeh presents a compact transform expression for the failure distribution for wear processes of a component degrading according to a Markovian environment inducing state-dependent continuous linear wear by using the properties of a MAP and assuming the wear process to be temporally homogeneous and that the environmental process has a finite state space.

A robotic book scanner is a machine which is used to scan books for upload to digital archives such as Project Gutenberg. The robotic scanners consist of three parts: a robot to turn the pages; a cradle, or table, to hold the book; and a camera. The camera or the imaging sensor captures an image of each page, as the robot turns the pages of the book. During the process, the book remains intact.

Robotic book scanners are used by many digital library projects, including Google Book Search.

External links

• Robotic Book Scanning at Stanford
• Home made scanner, using LEGO by MURANUSHI Takayuki
• BookDrive and BookDrive DIY using a Canon DSLR

In a plasma, the Boltzmann relation connects the electron density n_e to the plasma potential φ_pl as follows:

n_e = n₀ exp(eφ_pl/k_BT_e)

The reference for the potential is taken to be a position where the electron density is n₀.

It can be derived in a particle view by equating the density of states to the physical density and applying the Boltzmann factor.

Alternatively, it can be derived from the fluid equation for the electrons by equating the force density due to the electron pressure gradient assuming isothermal electrons, <math>-k_BT_e\nabla n_e</math>, to the force density due to the electric field on the electron charge density, <math>n_ee\nabla\phi_{pl}</math>.

In many problems of plasma physics, it is not useful to calculate the electric potential on the basis of the Poisson equation because the electron and ion densities are not known a priori, and if they were, because of quasineutrality the net charge density is the small difference of two large quantities, the electron and ion charge densities. If the ion density is known and the assumptions hold sufficiently well, the electric potential can be calculated simply from the Boltzmann relation.

Discrepancies with the Boltzmann relation can occur, for example, when oscillations occur so fast that the electrons cannot find a new equilibrium (see e.g. plasma oscillations) or when the electrons are prevented from moving by a magnetic field (see e.g. lower hybrid oscillations).

Zinc telluride is the chemical compound with the formula ZnTe. This solid is an intrinsic semiconductor material with band gap of 2.23-2.25 eV. It is usually a P-type semiconductor. Its crystal structure is cubic, like that for sphalerite and diamond.

Applications

Its lattice constant is 0.61034 nm, allowing it to be grown with or on aluminium antimonide, gallium antimonide, indium arsenide, and lead selenide. It has the appearance of grey or brownish-red powder, or ruby-red crystals when refined by sublimation. Zinc telluride can be also prepared as hexagonal crystals. Irradiated by a strong optical beam burns in presence of oxygen.

Optoelectronics

Zinc telluride is important for development of various semiconductor devices, including blue LEDs, laser diodes, solar cells, and components of microwave generators.

It can be used for solar cells as a background layer and the P-type semiconductor in PIN structure (e.g. using cadmium telluride — N-type semiconductor, and cadmium sulphide — I-type semiconductor).

Zinc telluride together with lithium niobate is often used for generation of pulsed terahertz radiation in time-domain terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging. When a crystal of such material is subjected to a high-intensity light pulse of subpicosecond duration, it emits a pulse of terahertz frequency through a nonlinear optical process. Conversely, subjecting a zinc telluride crystal to terahertz radiation causes it to show optical birefringence and change the polarization of a transmitting light, making it a detector.

Electro-optics

Zinc telluride can be easily doped, and for this reason it is one of the more common semiconducting materials used in optoelectronics.

Vanadium-doped zinc telluride, “ZnTe:V,” is a non-linear optical photorefractive material of possible use in the protection of sensors at visible wavelengths. ZnTe:V optical limiters are light and compact, without complicated optics of conventional limiters. ZnTe:V can block a high-intensity jamming beam from a laser dazzler, while still passing the lower-intensity image of the observed scene. It can also be used in holographic interferometry, in reconfigurable optical interconnections, and in laser optical phase conjugation devices. It offers superior photorefractive performance at wavelengths between 600-1300 nm, in comparison with other III-V and II-VI compound semiconductors. By adding manganese as an additional dopant (ZnTe:V:Mn), its photorefractive yield can be significantly increased.

See also

• Zinc sulfide
• Zinc selenide
• Cadmium telluride
• Cadmium zinc telluride

External links

• National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap (Office of Naval research) - Accessed April 2006

In computing, FASTOPEN was an MS-DOS TSR command, introduced in version 3.3, that provided to accelerated access to frequently used files and directories.

It worked with hard disks, but not with diskettes (probably for security versus swapping) or with network drives (probably because such drives did not offer block-level access, only file-level access).

It was possible to specify for which drives FASTOPEN should operate, how many files and directories should be cached on each (10 by default, up to 999 total), how many regions for each drive should be cached and whether the cache should be located in conventional or expanded memory.

If a disk defragmenter tool was used while FASTOPEN was installed, it was necessary to reboot the computer afterwards, because FASTOPEN would remember the old position of files and directories, causing MS-DOS to display garbage if e.g. “DIR” was performed.

The “fastopen” name has since been reused for various other “accelerating” software products.

Desktop may refer literally to the surface of a desk.

The information technology term desktop may refer to:

• The area behind the windows in the desktop metaphor of computer user interfaces
• Desktop environment or software that provides a comprehensive computer user interface
• Desktop computer - An independent personal computer, as opposed to other forms of PCs, such as a mobile laptop or notebook

A tone hole is an opening in the body of a wind instrument which, when covered, alters the pitch of the sound produced.

The resonant frequencies of the an air column in a pipe are inversely proportional to the pipe’s effective length. For a pipe with no tone holes, the effective length is the physical length plus corrections for end effects. A shorter pipe, in other words, produces higher notes. An open hole in the side of the pipe shortens the pipe’s effective length and therefore raises the pitch of the notes it produces. Generally a large hole in a given position reduces the effective length to something slightly larger than the effective length of a pipe cut off at that position; a smaller hole produces a longer effective length. Covering the hole with a finger, or with a pad operated by a key, increases the effective length and lowers the pitch again. However, a pipe with a closed tone hole is not acoustically identical to a pipe with no hole; the closed hole modifies the pipe’s shape and its effective length.

When there are multiple tone holes, the first (highest) open tone hole usually has the largest influence on the pipe’s effective length. However, closing holes below the first open hole can lower the pitch significantly; such cross fingerings may often be useful. Generally the pitch and timbre of the notes produced will depend on the positions, sizes, heights, and shapes of all the tone holes, both open and closed. Theoretical models allow these effects to be calculated with some accuracy, but the design of tone holes remains to some degree a matter of trial and error.

Most woodwind instruments rely on tone holes to produce different notes; two exceptions are the slide whistle and the willow flute. Most brass instruments use valves or a slide instead of tone holes, with the rare keyed bugle and the ophicleide as exceptions.

Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness. It is a medical emergency.

The retina is a thin disc-shaped layer of light-sensitive tissue on the back wall of the eye. It translates what we see into neural impulses and sends them to the brain via the optic nerve. Occasionally, injury or trauma to the eye or head may cause a small tear in the retina, which allows fluid to seep through, and peel it away like a bubble in wallpaper.

Types

• Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment - A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurs due to a hole, tear, or break in the retina that allows fluid to pass into the subretinal space between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium.
• Exudative, serous, or secondary retinal detachment - An exudative retinal detachment occurs due to inflammation, injury or vascular abnormalities that results in fluid accumulating underneath the retina without the presence of a hole, tear, or break.
• Tractional retinal detachment - A tractional retinal detachment occurs when fibrovascular tissue, caused by an injury, inflammation or neovascularization, pulls the sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium.

Prevalence

The risk of retinal detachment in otherwise normal eyes is around 5 in 100,000 per year. Detachment is more frequent in the middle-aged or elderly population with rates of around 20 in 100,000 per year. The lifetime risk in normal eyes is about 1 in 300.

• Retinal detachment is more common in those with severe or extreme myopia (above 5-6 diopters), as their eyes are longer and the retina is stretched thin. The lifetime risk increases to 1 in 20. Myopia is associated with 67% of retinal detachment cases. Patients suffering from a detachment related to myopia tend to be younger than non-myopic detachment patients.

• Retinal detachment can occur more frequently after surgery for cataracts. The estimate of risk of retinal detachment after cataract surgery is 5 to 16 per 1000 cataract operations. The risk may be much higher in those who are highly myopic, with a frequency of 7% reported in one study. Young age at cataract removal further increased risk in this study.

• Tractional retinal detachments can also occur in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or those with proliferative retinopathy of sickle cell disease. In proliferative retinopathy, abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) grow within the retina and extend into the vitreous. In advanced disease, the vessels can pull the retina away from the back wall of the eye causing a traction retinal detachment.

Although retinal detachment usually occurs in one eye, there is a 15% chance of developing it in the other eye, and this risk increases to 25-30% in patients who had cataracts extracted from both eyes.

Symptoms

A retinal detachment is commonly preceded by a posterior vitreous detachment which gives rise to these symptoms:

• flashes of light (photopsia) - very brief in the extreme temporal (outside away from the nose) part of vision
• a sudden dramatic increase in the number of floaters
• a ring of floaters or hairs just to the temporal side of the central vision
• a slight feeling of heaviness in the eye

Although most posterior vitreous detachments do not progress to retinal detachments, those that do produce the following symptoms:

• a dense shadow that starts in the peripheral vision and slowly progresses towards the central vision
• the impression that a veil or curtain was drawn over the field of vision
• straight lines (scale, edge of the wall, road, etc.) that suddenly appear curved (positive Amsler grid test)
• central visual loss

Treatment

There are several methods of treating a detached retina which all depend on finding and closing the holes (tears) which have formed in the retina.

• Cryopexy and Laser Photocoagulation

Cryotherapy (freezing) and laser photocoagulation are treatments used to create a scar/adhesion around the retinal hole to prevent fluid from entering the hole and accumulating behind the retina and exacerbating the retinal detachment. Cryopexy and photocoagulation are generally interchangeable. However, cryopexy is generally used in instances where there is a lot of fluid behind the hole; laser retinopexy will not take.

• Scleral buckle surgery

Scleral buckle surgery is an established treatment in which the eye surgeon sews one or more silicone bands (bands, tyres) to the outside of the eyeball. The bands push the wall of the eye inward against the retinal hole, closing the hole and allowing the retina to re-attach. The bands do not usually have to be removed. The most common side effect of a scleral operation is myopic shift. The operated eye generally will be 3-5 diopters more near sighted after the scleral buckle operation. Radial scleral buckle indicated to U-shaped tears or Fishmouth tears and posterior breaks. Circumferential scleral buckle indicated to multiple breaks, anterior breaks and wide breaks. Encircling buckles indicated to breaks more than 2 quadrant of retinal area, lattice degeration located on more than 2 quadrant of retinal area, undetecable breaks, proliferative vitreous retinopathy and inexperienced surgeon.The principles of retinal detachment by Pardianto G et al., in Mimbar Ilmiah Oftalmologi Indonesia.2005;2: 63-4.

• Pneumatic retinopexy

This operation is generally performed in the doctor’s office under local anesthesia. It is another method of repairing a retinal detachment in which a gas bubble (SF₆ or C₃F₈ gas) is injected into the eye after laser or freezing treatment is applied to surround the retinal hole. The patient’s head is then positioned so that the bubble rests against the retinal hole. Patients may have to keep their heads tilted for several days to keep the gas bubble in contact with the retinal hole. The surface tension of the air/water interface seals the hole in the retina, and allows the retinal pigment epithelium to pump the subretinal space dry and pull the retina back into place. This strict positioning requirement makes the treatment of the retinal holes and detachments that occurs in the lower part of the eyeball impractical.

• Vitrectomy

Vitrectomy is an increasingly widely used treatment for retinal detachment in countries with modern healthcare systems. It involves the removal of the vitreous gel and is usually combined with filling the eye with a gas bubble (SF₆ or C₃F₈ gas). Advantages of this operation is that there is no myopic shift after the operation. A disadvantage is that a vitrectomy always leads to more rapid progression of a cataract in the operated eye. Another major disadvantage of the operation is that, should a vitrectomy operation fail to work, the recurrent retinal detachment is much harder to repair. As such, except for special instances, the vitrectomy operation is not usually used as the initial operation to attempt to repair a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

• Ignipuncture

Ignipuncture is an outdated procedure that involves cauterization of the retina with a very hot pointed instrument.Wolfensberger TJ. “Jules Gonin. Pioneer of retinal detachment surgery.” Indian J Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;51(4):303-8. PMID 14750617. It was pioneered and named by Jules Gonin in the early 1900s.

After treatment, patients gradually regain their vision over a period of a few weeks, although the visual acuity may not be as good as it was prior to the detachment, particularly if the macula was involved in the area of the detachment. However, if left untreated, total blindness could occur in a matter of days.

Prevention

Retinal detachment can be prevented in some. The most effective way of preventing retinal detachment is by educating people to seek ophthalmic medical attention if they suffer symptoms suggestive of a posterior vitreous detachment. Early examination allows detection of retinal tears which can be treated with laser or cryotherapy. This reduces the risk of retinal detachment in those who have tears from around 1:3 to 1:20.

There are some known risk factors for retinal detachment. There are also many activities which at one time or another have been forbidden to those at risk of retinal detachment, with varying degrees of evidence supporting the restrictions.

Cataract surgery is a major cause, and can result in detachment even a long time after the operation. The risk is increased if there are complications during cataract surgery, but remains even in apparently uncomplicated surgery. The increasing rates of cataract surgery, and decreasing age at cataract surgery, inevitably lead to an increased incidence of retinal detachment.

Trauma is a less frequent cause. Activities which can cause direct trauma to the eye (boxing, kickboxing, karate, etc.) may cause a particular type of retinal tear called a retinal dialysis. This type of tear can be detected and treated before it develops into a retinal detachment. For this reason governing bodies in some of these sports require regular ophthalmic examination.

Individuals prone to retinal detachment due to a high level of myopia are encouraged to avoid activities where there is a risk of shock to the head or eyes, although without direct trauma to the eye the evidence base for this may be unconvincing. Some doctors recommend avoiding activities that
increase pressure in the eye, including diving, skydiving, again with little supporting evidence. According to one medical website, retinal detachment does not happen as a result of straining your eyes, bending or, heavy lifting. Therefore, heavy weightlifting would appear to be fine. However, two recent scientific articles have noted cases of retinal detachment or maculopathy due to weightlifting (specifically with the Valsalva method), and a third documented an increase in blood pressure in the eye during weightlifting .

Activities that involve sudden acceleration or deceleration also increase eye pressure and are discouraged by some doctors. These include bungee jumping and may also include rollercoaster rides.

References

See also

• Lattice degeneration
• Retinoschisis

External links

• Retinal Detachment Resource Guide from the National Eye Institute (NEI).
• Overview of retinal detachment from eMedicine
• Guidelines from the American Academy of Family Physicians
• Retinal detachment information from WebMD
• Retinal detachment information from the Merck Manual
• A Diary of Retinal Detachment
• [http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/PublicWebsite/public_rnib003661.hcsp Royal National Institute for the Blind(UK )Site
• Retinal Detachment Frequently Asked Questions
• Detached Retina and The Treatment Required

The term landscape mode has the following meanings:

1. In facsimile, the mode for scanning lines across the longer dimension of a rectangular object, i.e., rectangular original.
2. In computer graphics, the orientation of an image in which the longer dimension is horizontal.
3. An orientation of printed text on a page such that the lines of text are parallel to the long dimension of the page.

Note: If the page contains an image, such as a picture, and the page is viewed in the normal manner, the long dimension of the page would be parallel to the line that joins the eyes of the viewer.

Competitive Engineering A Handbook for Systems Engineering, Requirements Engineering and Software Engineering using Planguage documents Tom Gilb’s unique, ground-breaking approach to communicating management objectives and systems’ engineering requirements clearly and unambiguously.

Published in 2005 by Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

• Written by Tom Gilb
• Edited by Lindsey Brodie of Middlesex University
• Foreword by Erik Simmons, Requirements Engineering Practice Lead at Intel Corporation
• Endorsement by Roger S. Pressman Ph.D, President, R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc.
• Endorsement by Dr Mark W. Maier, Distinguished Engineer at The Aerospace Corporation and Chair of the INCOSE Systems Architecture Working Group

References

Gilb, Tom (2005). Competitive Engineering. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-6507-6.

BMD can refer to several things:

• Ballistic Missile Defense
• Becker’s muscular dystrophy
• Bermudian dollar, the ISO 4217 code for the currency of Bermuda
• BMD-1 Soviet/Russian airborne infantry fighting vehicle
• Bone mineral density
• Births, Marriages and Deaths
• Brimsdown railway station, London; National Rail station code BMD.

Efke is the brand name of photographic films, papers, and chemicals manufactured by Fotokemika d.d., a company located in Samobor, Croatia.

Products description

The Efke films are black-and-white films with high silver content and as a result give a large exposure latitude and high quality grayscale reproduction when compared with modern films. The Efke 25, 50 and 100 products are made using the ADOX formulas that were first introduced in the 1950s.

The Efke films are more forgiving of exposure variations than modern tabular crystal films. The nature of the product also allows large, grain free, enlargements to be made from negatives.

Efke films are coated in one layer, unlike most other films which are coated in multiple layers. This makes the film thinner and the emulsion more easily damaged, especially when still wet after development. A hardening fixer can be used to help protect the emulsion. The film base is also thinner and more transparent, making inspection of the negative easier. However it can also make the film curl more easily.

Efke is one of the last manufacturers still making the once-popular 127 film, and indeed was the only manufacturer in the world making 127 format film between 1995, when Kodak discontinued the format, and 2006, when a Canadian company also began making 127.

A block error is a common type of error in certain types of digital television transmission, particularly those that use image compression. Its presence in a television image is a telltale sign that 1) the signal is broadcast digitally, as this type of error can not occur in analog transmission, and 2) that there is a significant amount of noise, as digital television is designed to tolerate a certain amount of interference. Block errors are usually detected, but not corrected, by the receiving device and are commonly displayed as empty black boxes in the television image.

Because of how television images are usually compressed, a block error in a single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames. In the worst case, a few block errors per frame could render the video from a television broadcast unviewable.

Block errors are most common in digital satellite television, where bad weather or motion of the satellite dish can cause interference outside the broadcaster’s control.

Block errors can occur at levels of interference where an analog transmission would be fuzzy but still viewable. Thus, block errors are a fine example of the consequences of trade offs in engineering. Although in ideal conditions, digital transmission far exceeds analog transmission in performance, below a certain threshold of signal to noise ratio, digital transmission becomes untenable.

Factor prices are the prices that the factors of production of a finished item attract.

There has been some economic debate as to what determines these prices. Classical and Marxist economists argued that the factor prices decided the value of a product and so value was intrinsic within the product. For this reason, the term ‘natural price’ is often instead used.

Marginalist economists argue that the price of factors is a function of the demand of the final product, and so they are imputed from the finished product. The theory of imputation was first expounded by the Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser.

The Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security is a New Zealand official who is responsible for supervising the country’s two main intelligence agencies, the
Security Intelligence Service and the Government Communications Security Bureau. The Inspector-General is responsible for ensuring that these agencies comply with the law, and with investigating public complaints about their activities.

The Inspector-General is chosen by the Prime Minister, after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The appointee must be a retired High Court judge. The Inspector-General makes an annual report to the Prime Minister, with a copy going to the Leader of the Opposition. A version with secret information removed is presented to Parliament.

The position of Inspector-General was created in 1996. It replaced an earlier Commissioner for Security Appeals, a position created in 1969.

List of Inspectors-General

• Laurie Grieg (1996 - 2004)
• Paul Neazor (2004 - )

Methods engineering is a sub specialty of Industrial engineering concerned with the integration of the human being into a productive process.Methods Engineering Reference book Alternatively it can be described as the design of the productive process in which a person is involved. The task of deciding where that person will be used in the process of converting raw materials to finished products and deciding how that person can most effectively perform the tasks assigned.Methods Engineering Reference book
Work Design & Measurement, IE Terminology, 2000 Revised Edition

See also

• Work design
• Motion analysis
• Method study

Reference

.mc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Monaco.

Second-level domains

Registrations are made directly at the second level, or under these names:

• .tm.mc: registered trademarks (registered in Monaco or internationally with WIPO
• .asso.mc: associations (must be chartered in Monaco)

Second-level registrations require a company registration in Monaco.

External links

• IANA .mc whois information
• .mc domain registration website

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) composition takes advantage of the MIDI interface to allow musical data files to be shared among various electronic instruments by using a standard list of commands and parameters known as General MIDI (GM). Because the music is simply data and not actually recorded wave forms, (the data is essentially a series of “on” and “off” commands, along with numerical information) it is therefore maintained in a small file format. Several computer programs allow manipulation of the data so that composing for an entire orchestra is possible and can be reproduced by any electronic instrument that adheres to the GM standards. There are many websites that allow downloads of popular songs as well as classical music, and there are also some websites where midi composers can share their works and compete with others. One of these is Midi Contest, which also provides interaction between composers through forums and voice chat.

Along with the standard MIDI format, a popular variation is the .KAR format, a standard GM MIDI file with embedded song lyrics which, when played back using a compatible PC karaoke player, display the lyrics karaoke-style while playing the song. Although the MIDI karaoke format precludes the use of background vocals and harmonies, the incredibly small size of the file (in comparison to other “digital music” formats), the ease with which the files may be modified and edited, and the ever-increasing quality of midi instrumentation has ensured the continued popularity of the MIDI karaoke format.

Two United States Navy ships have borne the name Duluth, after the city of Duluth, Minnesota.

• The first Duluth (CL-87) was a light cruiser commissioned late in World War II.

• The second Duluth (LPD-6) is an amphibious transport dock commissioned in 1966 and decommissioned in 2005.

Etheridge may be:

• The Shire of Etheridge, Queensland in Australia
• A mis-spelling of George Etherege
• A reference to the singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge
• A reference to the victoria based Sky producer Matthew campbell Darcy etheridge, celebrated debutante and bon viveur.
• A reference to US Representative Bob Etheridge (D - NC, 2nd District)

In model theory, a nonstandard model is a model of a theory that differs from (i.e. is not isomorphic to) the intended model. If the intended model is infinite, then the Löwenheim-Skolem theorems guarantee the existence of nonstandard models. The nonstandard models can be chosen as elementary extensions or elementary substructures of the intended model.

Nonstandard models are studied in set theory, non-standard analysis, and non-standard arithmetic.

Osgoldcross Rural District was a rural district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was created in 1938, from 19 remaining parishes of the disbanded Pontefract Rural District after three-quarters (but only a small fraction of the area) of its population had been transferred to surrounding authorities - specifically to Castleford (which took 14,145 of the 23,981 in the district in 1931), Knottingley, and Pontefract.

It was named after the Wapentake of Osgoldcross and administered from Pontefract.

Since April 1, 1974 it has formed part of the District of Selby and the City of Wakefield.

At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 19 civil parishes.

• Balne
• Beal
• Birkin
• Brotherton
• Burton Salmon
• Bryam-cum-Sutton
• Cridling Stubbs
• Darrington
• East Hardwick
• Eggborough
• Fairburn
• Heck
• Hensall
• Hillam
• Kellington
• Monk Fryston
• Stapleton
• Whitley
• Wormersley

All but Darrington and East Hardwick went to Selby district.

References

• http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10074319&c_id=10001043

In botanical nomenclature, a valid name is a name that meets the requirements in the ICBN for valid publication. Valid publication of a name represents the minimum requirements for a botanical name to exist: therefore a botanical name inescapably is always valid. If a name is not validly published then it is not a botanical name. Thus an “invalid name” is not a botanical name: as far as the ICBN is concerned an invalid name has the same status as a common name, a vernacular name, etc. That is: it has no status.

Nevertheless invalid names are somewhat in use, this may occur when a taxonomists finds and recognises a taxon and thinks of a name, but delays in publishing this in an adequate manner. A common reason for this is that a taxonomist intends to write a magnum opus that provides an overview of the group he is working on, rather than a series of small papers. In practice this causes problems.

See also <h4>

• valid name (zoology)

Computer-aided- or Computer-assisted- is a prefix that hints to the use of a computer as an indispensable tool in a certain field, usually derived from more traditional fields of science and engineering. Instead of the prefix computer aided or computer-assisted, in some cases the suffix management system is used.

Engineering and Production

• Computer-aided design
  • Computer Aided Architectural Design
  • Computer-aided industrial design
  • Electronic and Electrical Computer-aided design
  • computer-aided garden design
• Computer-aided drafting
• Computer-aided engineering
  • Computer-aided production engineering
• Computer-aided manufacturing
• Computer-aided quality

• Computer-aided maintenance

Music and Arts

• Computer-Aided Algorithmic Composition
• Computer assisted painting

Human Languages

• Computer-aided translation

Medicine

• Computer Assisted Detection
• Computer-aided diagnosis
• Computer-aided tomography
• Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery
• Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis

Software Engineering

• Computer-aided software engineering

Traffic Control

• Computer Aided Dispatch

Teaching

• Computer assisted instruction
• Computer assisted learning better known as Computer Based Learning
• Computer-assisted language learning
• Computer-Assisted Assessment

Mathematics

• Computer-assisted proof

Economy

• Computer Assisted Auditing Techniques
• Computer Assisted Mass Appraisal

Communications

• Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing
• Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing
• Computer-assisted reporting

Security

• Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System

Entertainment

• Computer-assisted gaming
  • computer-assisted role-playing game

TclX extends the Tcl programming language by providing new operating system interface commands, extended file control, scanning and status commands and many others. Much of TclX has been incorporated into Tcl.

TclX was developed by Karl Lehenbauer and Mark Diekhans.

External links

• http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclx

Industrial action (UK) or job action (US) refers collectively to any measure taken by trade unions or other organised labour meant to reduce productivity in a workplace. Quite often it is used and interpreted, mistakenly, as a euphemism for strike, but the scope is much wider. Industrial action may take place in the context of a labour dispute or may be meant to effect political or social change. Specifically industrial action may include one or more of the following:

• strike
• go-slow
• occupation of factories
• work-to-rule
• general strike
• slowdown
• overtime ban

See also

• nonviolent resistance

Cable telephony is a specialized form of digital telephony over cable TV networks accomplished by installing a special telephone interface at the customer’s premises that converts the analog signals from the customer’s in-home wiring into a digital signal, which is then sent over the cable connection to the company’s switching center, where it is connected to the PSTN.

The biggest obstacle to cable telephone service is the need for nearly 100% reliable service for emergency calls. PacketCable, one of the emerging standards being developed for digital cable telephony, seems to be the most promising and able to work with the Quality of Service demands of traditional analog telephone service.

The biggest advantage to digital cable telephone service is similar to the advantage of digital cable television, namely that data can be compressed, resulting in much less bandwidth used than a dedicated analog circuit-switched service. Other advantages include better voice quality and perhaps future integration to a VoIP network providing cheap or unlimited nationwide and international calling. Note that in most cases, digital cable telephone service is separate from broadband internet service being offered by many cable companies and does not rely on TCP/IP traffic or the Internet.

Single density, often shortened SD, is a capacity designation on magnetic storage, usually floppy disks. It describes the use of an encoding (or modulation) of information using FM.

Early floppy disk drives used this method, but they are now obsolete.

See also

• Floppy disk format

In econometrics a dynamic factor (also known as a diffusion index) is a series which measures the co-movement of many time series. It is used in macroeconomic models.

Formally

<math> X_{t}=\Lambda_{t}F_{t}+e_{t},</math>

where <math>F_{t}=(f^{\top}_{t},\dots,f^{\top}_{t-q})</math> is the vector of lagged factors of the variables in the <math>T \times N</math> matrix <math>X_{t}</math> (T is the number of observations and N is the number of variables),<math>\Lambda_{t}</math> are the factor loadings, and <math>e_{t}</math> is the factor error.

Literature

• Forni, Mario & Lippi, Marco, 2001. The Generalized Dynamic Factor Model: Representation Theory, Econometric Theory, vol. 17(6), pages 1113-41.
• Stock, James H & Watson, Mark W, 2002. Macroeconomic Forecasting Using Diffusion Indexes, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 20(2), pages 147-62.

Drainage density is the total length of all the streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin.

This can effect the shape of a river’s hydrograph. Rivers that have a high drainage density will often have a more ‘flashy’ hydrograph with a steep falling limb. High densities can also cause a greater flood risk.

External links

• Drainage Basin at the Learning Channel

Nervous Gender is a punk band founded in Los Angeles, California in 1978 by Gerardo Velazquez, Edward Stapleton, Phranc and Michael Ochoa.

Their use of heavily distorted keyboards and synthesizers made them, along with the Screamers, one of the original innovators of what is today called “Synthpunk”, although they could equally be considered an early industrial group. The group was confrontational and experimental.

Phranc’s androgynous appearance was the embodiment of the group’s name and garnered the band much press in zines such as Slash. Despite their somewhat high profile, the groups’ habit of provoking the audience, obscene material and harsh erotics guaranteed they would never gain commercial acceptance. At their first show in 1979, a benefit for the Women’s Video Center, Phranc called the audience “pussies” and “dykes” when the band was requested to stop playing, and songs like “Jesus Clone”, contained lyrics such as “Jesus was a cocksucking Jew”.

In 1979, Don Bolles of The Germs joined as drummer. The next year Phranc left the band and Paul Roessler of the Screamers joined. At this time they recorded the tracks for the compilation Live At Target, released as an LP and a video, both seminal not only in the punk scene but also as early industrial recordings; fellow contributors Factrix and Zev (listed on this recording as “UNS”) were early industrial acts, and Nervous Gender found more acceptance among that scene initially. All the artists involved in Live At Target were experimenting with atonality, noise and concepts not common until post-punk groups emerged later. Nervous Gender played with bands such as SPK, Factrix, Non, Einsturzende Neubauten, and Psychic TV during the early 1980s.

In 1981 they released their LP Music From Hell, which included guest vocalist Alice Bag from The Bags singing on “Alice’s Song”. Nervous Gender did not record in the studio again. After the LP came out, Paul Roessler moved to New York to play with the Nina Hagen Band and was replaced by Bill Cline, and Don Bolles left the band to play with 45 Grave. He was replaced by an eight-year-old boy, Sven Pfeiffer. In 1982, Sven’s mother took the young drummer back to live in Germany. During their career Nervous Gender was called by one critic, “…the thorn in the side of the L.A. music scene…”.

During the mid 80s, the band was on the verge of breaking up when members of Wall of Voodoo Bruce Moreland, Marc Moreland and Chas Grey, who were fans, stepped in and offered to collaborate with them. It was at this point that a guitar-driven version of Nervous Gender emerged. During this time Dinah Cancer of 45 Grave was a frequent guest performer with them, and they played shows with bands such as Christian Death, Super Heroines, Kommunity FK and Gobsheit (a side project of Stapleton’s with Patrice Repose) at venues such as the Anti Club. In 1988, Edward Stapleton played his last show with the band.

In early 1990, original members Gerardo Velasquez and Michael Ochoa along with Joe Zinnato (a long time Ochoa collaborator) revived Nervous Gender as a trio. This formation did a series of 8 performances, and were working on what would have been the final Nervous Gender album (working title “American Regime”) with producer Paul Cutler ( of 45 Grave). The final performance of Nervous Gender was on August 26, 1991 at Club A.S.S. in Silverlake, CA. Gerardo Velasquez died on March 28, 1992, at age 33.

After Gerardo’s death, members Ochoa and Zinnato, with the addition of singer Claire Lawrence - Slater (of Honeymoon Killers, Huge Killer Ships), formed “HighHeelTitWig” a punk-industrial-pop-grunge hybrid, which played a series of shows. In 1995 Joe Zinnato suffered a serious stroke which put an end to musical activities.

As of 2005, Edward Stapleton, Michael Ochoa and Joe Zinnato were reviewing all of the Nervous Gender material (studio, live and rehearsal recordings and performance videos) with an eye towards releasing a NG retospective. At this time, Edward Stapleton (with Karene Stapleton) also recorded under the name Kali’s Thugs.

Discography

• Live at Target (1980) on Subterranean Records
• Music from Hell split LP with Beelzebub Youth (aka Nervous Gender) (1981) on Subterranean Records
• Live at the Roxy
• Live at the Scream
• Nervous Gender Live at the Hong Kong Cafe 1979 (2006) The first in a series of archival recordings available from Nervous Gender via their web site

See also

List of musicians in the first wave of punk music

External links

• Official Nervous Gender Archive site
• Nervous Gender Unofficial Site
• Edward Stapleton’s theoretcal site
• Interview with Edward Stapleton
• Review of Live At Target

A NERVOUS GENDER show in 2007

• http://events.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&eventID=353152.98612&Mytoken=8C2AE4DB-5C64-4636-B8FD20799FD8874E23465364

There are many $5 banknotes, bills or coins, including:

• Australian five dollar note
• Canadian five-dollar bill
• United States five-dollar bill
• One of the coins of Hong Kong

Other currencies that issue $5 banknotes, bills or coins are:

A National Security Advisor serves as the chief advisor to a national government on matters of security. He or she is not usually a member of the cabinet but is usually a member of various military or security councils.

Country specific National Security Advisors

• National Security Advisor (Canada)
• National Security Advisor (India)
• National Security Advisor (Iraq)
• National Security Advisor (South Korea)
• National Security Advisor (United States)

The Forest Principles is the informal name given to the “Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests,” a document produced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for forestry.

At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increased foreign aid in order to pay for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise.

External links

The full text of the Forest Principles can be found on the United Nations website at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-3annex3.htm.

RTR can mean several things:

• RTR can refer to Rooftop-Retreat http://uepc014.ee.qub.ac.uk/rtr
• RTRFM RTR FM, an Australian radio station
• Royal Tank Regiment, the British Army Tank Corps
• Radio e Television Rumantscha - Rhaeto-Roman Radio and Television
• RTR is an acronym for Ready to run used in several fields:
  • RTR software refers to plug and play software
  • RTR models refers to pre-assembled items ready to run straight out of the box unlike a kit.
• Rossijskoe Teleradio - All Russian State Radio and Television
  • RTR can refer to Russia TV Channel
  • RTR-Planeta is a Russian satellite television channel
• RTR acronym “Really, that’s wrong”
• RTR can refer to Run-Time Reconfigurable logic
• RTR can refer to the mod of computer game Rome Total War, Rome Total Realism
• RTR can also refer to the Russian Tea Room, a New York City restaurant famous for its caviar.
• RTR can refer to ROLL TIDE ROLL, the rallying cry for the University of ALABAMA’s athletic teams, also known as the Crimson Tide.

The enthalpy of atomization (also standard enthalpy of atomisation - UK spelling) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms in a chemical substance (either a chemical element or a chemical compound). This is often represented by the symbol ΔH_at^O. The associated standard enthalpy is known as the Standard enthalpy of atomization, ΔH_at^O/(kJ·mol^-1), at 298 K and 1 atmosphere of pressure, or 100 kPa (kilopascals.)

The enthalpy of atomization of gaseous H₂O is, for example, the sum of the HO—H and H—O bond dissociation enthalpies. The enthalpy of atomization of an elemental solid is exactly the same as the enthalpy of sublimation for any elemental solid that becomes a monatomic gas upon evaporation.

There is a difference between a solid converting to a gas, and a diatomic gaseous element converting to gaseous atoms. The standard enthalpy is purely based on the production of one mole of gaseous atoms.

Borel’s paradox (sometimes known as the Borel-Kolmogorov paradox) is a paradox of probability theory relating to conditional probability density functions. The paradox lies in fact that, contrary to intuition, conditional probability density functions are not invariant under coordinate transformations.

Suppose we have two random variables, X and Y, with joint probability density p_X,Y(x,y). We can form the conditional density for Y given X,

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x) = \frac{p_{X,Y}(x,y)}{p_{X}(x)}</math>

where p_X(x) is the appropriate marginal distribution.

Using the substitution rule, we can reparametrize the joint distribution with the functions U= f(X,Y), V = g(X,Y), and can then form the condition density for V given U.

<math>p_{V|U}(v|u) = \frac{p_{U,V}(u,v)}{p_{U}(u)}</math>

Given a particular condition on X and the equivalent condition on U, intuition suggests that the conditional densities p_Y|X(y|x) and p_V|U(v|u) should also be equivalent. This is not the case in general.

A concrete example

A uniform distribution

We are given the joint probability density

<math>p_{X,Y}(x,y) =\left\{\begin{matrix} 1, & 0 < y < 1, \quad -y < x < 1 - y \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise} \end{matrix}\right. </math>

The marginal density of X is calculated to be

<math>p_X(x) =\left\{\begin{matrix} 1+x, & -1 < x \le 0 \\ 1 - x, & 0 < x < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

So the conditional density of Y given X is

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x) =\left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{1+x}, & -1 < x \le 0, \quad -x < y < 1 \\ \\ \frac{1}{1-x}, & 0 < x < 1, \quad 0 < y < 1 - x \\ \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

which is uniform with respect to y.

Reparametrization

Now, we apply the following transformation:

<math>U = \frac{X}{Y} + 1 \qquad \qquad V = Y.</math>

Using the substitution rule, we obtain

<math>p_{U,V}(u,v) =\left\{\begin{matrix} v, & 0 < v < 1, \quad 0 < u \cdot v < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise} \end{matrix}\right. </math>

The marginal distribution is calculated to be

<math>p_U(u) =\left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2}, & 0 < u \le 1 \\ \\ \frac {1}{2u^2}, & 1 < u < +\infty \\ \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

So the conditional density of V given U is

<math>p_{V|U}(v|u) =\left\{\begin{matrix} 2v, & 0 < u \le 1, \quad 0 < v < 1 \\ 2u^2v, & 1 < u < +\infty, \quad 0 < v < \frac{1}{u} \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

which is not uniform with respect to v.

The unintuitive result

Now we pick a particular condition to demonstrate Borel’s paradox. The conditional density of Y given X = 0 is

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x=0) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 1, & 0 < y < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

The equivalent condition in the u-v coordinate system is U = 1, and the conditional density of V given U = 1 is

<math>p_{V|U}(v|u=1) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 2v, & 0 < v < 1 \\ 0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{matrix}\right. </math>

Paradoxically, V = Y and X = 0 is equivalent to U = 1, but

<math>p_{Y|X}(y|x = 0) \ne p_{V|U}(v|u = 1).\;</math>

References

• Jaynes, E. T., 2003, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, Cambridge University Press.

See also

• Émile Borel

A zygapophysis is a process which sticks out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable.

Each typical vertebra has 4 of them: two front (prezygapophysis) and two back (postzygapophysis), two left and two right. Its plural is “zygapophyses”.

Its origin is Greek ζυγον = “yoke” (because it links two vertebrae) + απο = “away” + φυσις = “process”.

See also

• Zygapophysial joint

External links

LSM is a line of confocal laser scanning microscopes produced by the Zeiss company. As of 2005, the state of the art is the 5th generation, including the LSM 510, LSM 5 Pascal, and LSM 5 Live.

LSM models produce a file format with the filename extension “.lsm”. There are different generations of this file format depending on the generation of the microscope model, but all are essentially extensions of the TIFF multiple image stack file format.

File format details

These are technical details intended for use by scientists trying to write code to read LSM files.

At least in the 5th generation LSM format, important extensions to the normal TIFF format are:

1. An additional set of image directory entries (IFD entries are a standard part of the TIFF format that normally describe the individual images in a stack) starting at byte 8 of the file, after the standard TIFF header. This directory is mostly redundant with the standard TIFF image property directories that are included with the individual image data. One important special entry in this directory is the entry with tag code 34412, which provides the byte address within the file for an additional set of headers.
2. The additional set of headers pointed to by IFD entry 34412 includes more redundant information about the image files. More importantly, it includes byte address offsets for a number of important data blocks within the file.
3. One offset address provided in the additional headers is the location of the “scaninfo” directory. The scaninfo directory is a long series of entries organized in hierarchical subgroups providing most of the relevant settings used for the scanning run. The scaninfo directory is dynamic in length; it includes metadata entries that indicate what level of the hierarchy is being traversed. The end of the directory is reached when the metadata entries indicate traversal backwards past the “root” level of the hierarchy.

See external links below for code examples of reading LSM files.

External links

• Zeiss USA home for LSM products includes a download for the free LSM Image Browser, a nice software for reading LSM file settings and exporting the image data (proprietary, closed source).
• LSM-Reader is a plugin for the ImageJ program, an image processing toolkit written in Java and released by the NIH. If you want to see code examples for reading LSM files, check out the .jar file available here.
• If you cannot open the .jar file suggested above, here is the raw Java code of a much earlier, out of date version.
• There is also an IDL plugin to read LSM 4.x and 5.x data file. From the webpage you even have access to the specification of File Format Description - LSM 5xx.
• The Huygens Software in freeware mode can read and convert LSM files.

A turnaround document is a document that has been output from a computer, some extra information added to it, and then returned to become an input document. For example, meter cards are produced for collecting readings from gas meters, photocopiers, water meters etc. These are filled in by the customer and then returned to the company for scanning using ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) so that the system can produce the bills for the customer.

• UM System Wide VPA for Document Imaging Software with Perceptive Scanner hardware for use with ImageNow is also available from Perceptive Software, Inc. Specific model choices should be made after initial planning and
• Case Study On Document Imaging Software Manufacturers Software September 2004 - (Free Research) Data entry often contributes the largest cost component for document imaging systems. The costs can be classified in the
• Q&A with Tim Captain, Associate Editor, BLI How important is it for document scanning software to integrate seamlessly with other business applications like content management, email and collaboration
• eCopyTM Document Imaging Software Now Available for Océ MFP Customers New Distribution Partnership Brings eCopy Document Imaging Software’s Ease of Use, Security and Application Connector Portfolio to the Océ® MFP Platform
• KODAK Document Imaging - Software Learn about software solutions from Kodak and third party vendors.
• HP Document Management Solutions - document scanning, management HP's document and content management solutions include document scanning appliances, document processing and routing software, servers, storage,
• Scanner Software and Scanning Tips for the best image quality from Document Capture Software. "Single workstation, out-of-the-box document and data capture solution." QuickScan Pro is a document scanner and imaging
• Laserfiche document imaging software - document management Electronic document management solutions to help with local government records management using Laserfiche document-imaging software.
• Document Management Software - Enterprise Content Management Software Your Search for Document Management Software and Enterprise Content Management Software Ends Here. Experience Content Central™: The All-in-One,
• Document Management Systems Document Scanners Document Imaging CASO offers a broad range of scanners, document management software, document scanning services and microfilming services. DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

TDM-to-packet conversion is the process of converting a digital signal in TDM format (typically a 64 Kbit/second signal encoded with mu-law or A-law compression) into packets (typically RTP packets) for carrying over a packet network such as the Internet.

The conversion process may include recoding with a different codec, silence suppression, comfort noise generation and other tricks that can decrease the bandwidth requirement or improve the perceived voice quality of the result.

Note that this is a conversion of the signal, not a tunnelling, unlike TDM over IP, which aims at transporting a TDM signal unchanged across an IP network.

See also Voice over IP.

References

PCMag encyclopedia of IT terms

• Document Imaging Services ? Imaging Software - TAWPI Document Imaging Services, Document Imaginng Software, Document Imaging Solutions ? TAWPI News ? Xerox DocuMate 272 Document imaging and Management solution
• Document Imaging Software - Th